TED began in 1984 as a conference where Technology, Entertainment and Design converged, and today covers almost all topics from science to business to global issues in more than 110 languages. - Definition, Types & Examples, Complementary Goods in Economics: Definition & Examples, How to Calculate Economic Profit: Definition & Formula, Natural Monopoly in Economics: Definition & Examples, Absorption Costing: Definition, Formula & Example, Adverse Selection in Economics: Definition & Examples, Aggregate Expenditure: Definition, Function, Components & Formula, Aggregate Supply Curve: Definition & Overview, Allocative Efficiency in Economics: Definition & Example, Anticipated Inflation: Definition & Overview, Average Product in Economics: Definition & Formula, Barriers to Entry in Economics: Definition, Types & Examples, Calculating Net Exports: Definition & Formula, Calculating Price Elasticity of Supply: Definition, Formula & Examples, Centrally Planned Economy: Definition, Characteristics & Advantages, Circular Flow Diagram in Economics: Definition & Example, Circular Flow Model in Economics: Definition & Examples, Collusion in Economics: Definition & Examples, Economic Determinism and Karl Marx: Definition & History, Economic Efficiency: Definition & Examples, Economic Fluctuations: Definition & Model, Economic Stabilization Policy: Definition & Overview, Economic Systems: Definition, Types & Examples, Economies of Scale: Definition, Benefits & Examples, Economies of Scope: Definition & Examples, Economist Milton Friedman: Theories & Monetary Policy, Elasticity of Supply: Definition & Formula, Factors of Production in Economics: Definition, Importance & Examples, Fiat Money: Definition, History & Examples, Financial Leverage: Definition, Formula & Calculation, Financing Activities: Definition & Examples, Free Enterprise Economy: Definition & Examples, Free Market: Definition, Advantages & Examples, Frictional Unemployment: Definition & Examples, GDP Deflator: Definition, Formula & Example, Price Discrimination: Definition, Types & Examples, Price Elasticity of Demand: Definition, Formula & Example, Price Floor in Economics: Definition & Examples, Price Level in Economics: Definition & Equation, Price Stability in Monetary Policy: Definition & Overview, Price Volatility: Definition & Calculation, Principal-Agent Problem in Economics: Definition & Examples, Producer Price Index: Definition & Formula, Producer Surplus: Definition, Formula & Example, Product Adaptation: Definition & Examples, Public Good in Economics: Definition, Theory & Examples, Pure Competition: Definition, Characteristics & Examples, Random Walk in Economics: Definition & Theory, Real GDP Per Capita: Definition & Formula, Rent Seeking in Economics: Definition, Theory & Examples, Returns to Scale in Economics: Definition & Examples, What is Throughput? The official language policy of the union territory states that the Tamil language should be the primary language used for all or any of the official purposes of the union territory. The RMD rules also apply to Roth 401(k) accounts. spend on operations, expansion, or future plans. As an Indigenous-led organization, we interconnect Indigenous communities around the world and develop real relationships. Rational Self-Interest in Economics | Overview, Theory & Analysis, Deadweight Loss in Economics: Definition, Formula & Example, Net Exports Formula & Examples | How to Calculate Net Exports, Marginal Product of Labor Formula | How to Calculate Marginal Product of Labor (MPL), Total Cost Formula & Calculation | Average & Fixed Total Cost Formula. Your economic profit in this case would be $45,000 (accounting profit) - $40,000 (salary), which results in a $5,000 economic profit. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Arabic, Somali, Berber, Amharic, Oromo, Igbo, Swahili, Hausa, Manding, Fulani and Yoruba are spoken by tens of millions of people. In case of Mahe and Yanam, Malayalam and Telugu, respectively, may be used instead of or in conjunction with Tamil. Set the turtles speed to an integer value in the range 0..10. The Indian constitution does not specify the official languages to be used by the states for the conduct of their official functions and leaves each state free to, through its legislature, adopt Hindi or any language used in its territory as its official language or languages. In Namibia it is the lingua franca. Please send us fixes if you find errors. This is an index to notable programming languages, in current or historical use. The Indigenous languages of Australia number in the hundreds, the precise number being quite uncertain, although there is a range of estimates from a minimum of around 250 (using the technical definition of 'language' as non-mutually intelligible varieties) up to possibly 363. Gnomes" marks the first appearance of Tweek Tweek and his parents. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1983). Native Land is an app to help map Indigenous territories, treaties, and languages. [111] Communication with all other states "Region C", and with people living in them, is in English.[112]. The JPEG/JFIF filename extension is JPG or JPEG.Nearly every digital camera can save images in the JPEG/JFIF format, which supports eight-bit grayscale images and 24-bit color images [7][10][2] An extreme case of an uncompetitive market is a monopoly, where only one firm has the ability to supply a good which has no close substitutes. [44] Parliament has the power to alter this by law but has not done so. Total Revenue - Explicit Costs = Accounting Profit. We provide geoJSONs and a comprehensive API for free. Some neighbouring Bantu languages (notably Xhosa and Zulu) have clicks as well, but these were adopted from Khoisan languages. It is different from accounting profit, which only relates to the explicit costs that appear on a firm's financial statements. With more than 20 million speakers, Malagasy is one of the most widely spoken of the Austronesian languages. It is difficult to define what constitutes a language as opposed to a dialect.Some languages, such as Chinese and Arabic, cover several mutually unintelligible varieties and are sometimes considered single languages and sometimes language families. Search your address, or toggle switches above to add shapes. In addition, the languages of Africa include several unclassified languages and sign languages. (Census of India, "50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013)", "How a Bihari lost his mother tongue to Hindi", "These four charts break down India's complex relationship with Hindi", "Nearly 60% of Indians speak a language other than Hindi", "COMPARATIVE SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF SCHEDULED LANGUAGES -1971, 1981, 1991 AND 2001", https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables, "Hindi mother tongue of 44% in India, Bangla second most-spoken", Statement 4: Scheduled Languages in descending order of speakers' strength 2011, "C-17 POPULATION BY BILINGUALISM AND TRILINGUALISM", "Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language Times of India", Comparative Speaker's Strength of Scheduled Languages -1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001, Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues 2000, Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues 2011, Statement 2: Distribution of population by Scheduled and other Languages India, States and Union Territories 2011, "Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People Table MSN Encarta", http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX, "2011 Census tables: C-16, population by mother tongue", Language Maps from Central Institute of Indian Languages, Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength 2001, Comparative ranking of scheduled languages in descending order of speaker's strength-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001, C-16 Population By Mother Tongue Town Level, https://web.archive.org/web/20050109084200/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=India, https://web.archive.org/web/20041213203632/http://www.ciil.org/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India&oldid=1125383938, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 December 2022, at 18:35. Since one job pays $15 per hour and the other pays $16 per hour, it seems obvious that he should choose the job that pays more, but this may not result in Javari having more money. Get the not-for-profit-backed browser on Windows, Mac or Linux. speed an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below). States can specify their own official language(s) through legislation. Sign language systems extant in Africa include the Paget Gorman Sign System used in Namibia and Angola, the Sudanese Sign languages used in Sudan and South Sudan, the Arab Sign languages used across the Arab Mideast, the Francosign languages used in Francophone Africa and other areas such as Ghana and Tunisia, and the Tanzanian Sign languages used in Tanzania. Please send us fixes if you find errors. 'Some areal characteristics of African languages.' Other important West African languages are Yoruba, Igbo, Akan and Fula. There are also many less widely spoken languages that may be considered endangered languages. Communication between states who use Hindi as their official language is required to be in Hindi, whereas communication between a state whose official language is Hindi and one whose is not, is required to be in English, or, in Hindi with an accompanying English translation (unless the receiving state agrees to dispense with the translation). He is using accounting profit to make his choice. A bus ticket costs roughly $25 per week since there are no explicit costs associated with the lower-paying job; Javari does not need to subtract anything from the salary of that job. The Nilo-Saharan languages are tonal. Languages designated officiall status by the Constitution of India, List of official languages by states and territories. [3][4][5] 12% of Indians declared that they can speak English as a second language.[6]. Profit is maximized by treating each location as a separate market. 2017. CIA, 2020 [ edit] Language policies that are being developed nowadays are mostly aimed at multilingualism. Explicit Cost Concept & Examples | What is Explicit Cost? In markets which do not show interdependence, this point can either be found by looking at these two curves directly, or by finding and selecting the best of the points where the gradients of the two curves (marginal revenue and marginal cost respectively) are equal. [5], Companies do not make any economic profits in a perfectly competitive market once it has reached a long run equilibrium. Tanzania has seven, one for each of its schools for the Deaf, all of which are discouraged. Genetic linkage between these languages has not been conclusively demonstrated, and among linguists, support for the proposal is sparse. [8], India has a Greenberg's diversity index of 0.914i.e. Native Land is a resource to learn more about Indigenous territories, languages, lands, and ways of life. The position was thus that the Union government continues to use English in addition to Hindi for its official purposes[36] as a "subsidiary official language",[37] but is also required to prepare and execute a program to progressively increase its use of Hindi. These costs are deducted from revenues and are the alternative returns you decided not to pursue. Important South African languages are Sotho, Tswana, Pedi, Venda, Tsonga, Swazi, Southern Ndebele, Zulu, Xhosa and Afrikaans.[27]. Tonal sandhi processes like tone spread, tone shift, downstep and downdrift are common in African languages. Both members and non-members can engage with resources to support the implementation of the Notice and Wonder strategy on this webpage. JPEG/JFIF. flashcard sets, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | Come join us on Patreon and support our organization (and get some perks)! The NigerCongo languages constitute the largest language family spoken in West Africa and perhaps the world in terms of the number of languages. The official languages of British India were English, Urdu and later Hindi, with English being used for purposes at the central level. Each market has different competitions, different supply constraints (like shipping) and different social factors. Speaker numbers are available for these mother tongues and they are also included in the speaker numbers for their respective language. State legislatures may conduct their business in their official language, Hindi or (for a transitional period, which the legislature can extend if it so chooses) English, and members who cannot use any of these have the same rights to their mother tongue with the Speaker's permission. Elugbe, Ben (1998) "Cross-border and major languages of Africa." This map does not represent or intend to represent official or legal boundaries of any Indigenous nations. Define Economic Profit vs. Accounting Profit. However, Rule 1976 (As Amended, 1987) of the Constitution of India, mandates Hindi and English as the "Official Languages" required "for Official Purpose of the Union." IGF 2010 VILNIUS, LITHUANIA 17 SEPTEMBER 10 SESSION 134 1130 CHILD ON-LINE PROTECTION IN NORTHERN EUROPE DIFFERENT NATIONAL APPROACHES*****Note: The following is the output of the real-time captioning taken during Fifth Meeting of the IGF, in Vilnius. This is when studies get more in-depth and are taken to an international level. She estimates these explicit costs will be $350,000. [2] "[22], The following table lists those mother tongues that have more than one million speakers according to the 2011 census:[23], List of languages by number of native speakers in India, List of languages by number of native speakers, List of mother tongues by number of speakers. For languages that are not natively written using Devanagari, an extended version called. The following languages are listed as having at least 10 million first language speakers in the 2022 edition of Ethnologue, a language reference published by SIL International. To figure out which job is best for Javari, he must first calculate the costs associated with taking each job, but all costs are not the same. The government will regulate the existing uncompetitive market and control the price the firms charge for their product. A Parliament Committee on Official Language constituted in 1976 periodically reviews the progress in the use of Hindi and submits a report to the President. So, is it possible to have a positive accounting profit and a negative economic profit for a business? Parliamentary business, according to the Constitution, may be conducted in either Hindi or English. The RMD rules also apply to Roth 401(k) accounts. This section describes the legal framework governing of nonprofit organizations (also known as non-governmental organizations or NGOs) in South Africa, and includes translations of legislative provisions relevant for a foundation or advisor undertaking an equivalency determination of a foreign grantee under IRS Revenue Procedure 92-94. Due partly to its multilingualism and its colonial past, a substantial proportion of the world's creole languages are to be found in Africa. Most Indians speak a language belonging to the families of the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-European (c. 77%), the Dravidian (c. 20.61%), the Austroasiatic (Munda) (c. 1.2%), or the Sino-Tibetan (c. 0.8%), with some languages of the Himalayas still unclassified. Scheduled languages spoken by fewer than 1% of Indians are Santali (0.63%), Kashmiri (0.54%), Nepali (0.28%), Sindhi (0.25%), Konkani (0.24%), Dogri (0.22%), Meitei (0.14%), Bodo (0.13%) and Sanskrit (In the 2001 census of India, 14,135 people reported Sanskrit as their native language). After more than twenty years, Questia is discontinuing operations as of Monday, December 21, 2020. copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. The Afroasiatic Urheimat is uncertain. We hope to strengthen the spiritual bonds that people have with the land, its people, and its meaning. English is allowed to be used in official purposes such as parliamentary proceedings, judiciary, communications between the Central Government and a State Government. Many of these are simply unclassified, but Hombert & Philippson believe Africa has about twenty language families, including isolates. When this finally occurs, all economic profit associated with producing and selling the product disappears, and the initial monopoly turns into a competitive industry. [58] In 2006, the law ministry said that it would not object to Tamil Nadu state's desire to conduct Madras High Court proceedings in Tamil. [36], Communication between the union and states which use Hindi as their official language (classified by the Official Language Rules as "the states in Region A"), and with persons who live in those states, is generally in Hindi, except in certain cases. A person must first know three pieces of information to find the economic profit of an opportunity. These relationships are easier to understand when written as formulas. [40] Also, the constitution permits a person who is unable to express themselves in either Hindi or English to, with the permission of the Speaker of the relevant House, address the House in their mother tongue. Malagasy belongs to the Austronesian languages and is the westernmost branch of the family. Review a required minimum distribution table that compares IRAs and defined contribution plans, such as 401(k), profit sharing and 403(b) plans. A negative economic profit implies that you could be financially better off by engaging in a different opportunity. Nilo-Saharan languages consist of a hundred diverse languages. December 1, 2020 Examines the role leaders play in helping their employees find meaning and purpose in times of crisis, makes the clear business case for dynamic portfolio management, and offers advice for CEOs around three important, technology-fueled trends. The Nature Conservancy is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization (tax identification number 53-0242652) under Section 501(c)(3) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Ace DASL (Distributed Application Specification Language), App Inventor for Android's visual block language (MIT App Inventor), CESIL (Computer Education in Schools Instruction Language), Cg (High-Level Shader/Shading Language [HLSL]), Chapel (Cascade High Productivity Language), FOCAL (Formulating On-Line Calculations in Algebraic Language/FOrmula CALculator), GNU Guile (GNU Ubiquitous Intelligent Language for Extensions), GraphTalk (Computer Sciences Corporation), Janus (concurrent constraint programming language), Janus (time-reversible computing programming language), MHEG-5 (Interactive TV programming language), TEX (Text Executive Programming Language), TTCN (Tree and Tabular Combined Notation), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_programming_languages&oldid=1126457046, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 December 2022, at 12:30. In order to determine if a company has achieved normal profit, they first have to calculate their economic profit. [39], The Indian constitution distinguishes the language to be used in Parliamentary proceedings, and the language in which laws are to be made. The constitution gives the power to authorize the use of Hindi, or the state's official language in proceedings of the High Court to the Governor, rather than the state legislature and requires the Governor to obtain the consent of the President of India, who in these matters acts on the advice of the Government of India. Tone melodies play an important role, meaning that it is often possible to state significant generalizations by separating tone sequences ("melodies") from the segments that bear them. Annual targets are set by the Department of Official Language regarding the amount of correspondence being carried out in Hindi. Section 2(f) of the Manipur Official Language Act, 1979 states that the official language of Manipur is the Manipuri language (an older English name for the Meitei language) written in the, Urdu and Punjabi are the two secondary official languages of Delhi under the Delhi Official Language Bill, 2000, There are three primary languages used for official purposes Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam. All the latest breaking UK and world news with in-depth comment and analysis, pictures and videos from MailOnline and the Daily Mail. Beside the possibilities listed above, there are: Roger Blench notes a couple additional possibilities: Below is a list of language isolates and otherwise unclassified languages in Africa, from Vossen & Dimmendaal (2020:434):[18], Many African countries have national sign languages, such as Algerian Sign Language, Tunisian Sign Language, Ethiopian Sign Language. So when Javari compares $295 to $300, he decides that the lower-paying job is the more profitable. The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India contains a list of 22 scheduled languages. The English language may also be used for official purposes. [5] Although many mid-sized languages are used on the radio, in newspapers and in primary-school education, and some of the larger ones are considered national languages, only a few are official at the national level. Also, this map is not perfect it is a work in progress with tons of contributions from the community. For example, a job seeker will have to quit one job to take another. Join our new Supporters Circle and help be a part of the connections between Indigenous communities. monopolies and oligopolies. What is Project Scope in Management Plan? Westphal, E.O.J. Department of Official Language was set up in June 1975 as an independent Department of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Another significant factor for profit maximization is market fractionation. The ancestors of the Malagasy people migrated to Madagascar around 1,500 years ago from Southeast Asia, more specifically the island of Borneo. A case in point is the Bantu expansion, in which Bantu-speaking peoples expanded over most of Sub-Equatorial Africa, intermingling with Khoi-San speaking peoples from much of Southeast Africa and Southern Africa and other peoples from Central Africa. A wide variety of languages are spoken throughout Asia, comprising different language families and some unrelated isolates.The major language families include Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Caucasian, Dravidian, Indo-European, Afroasiatic, Turkic, Sino-Tibetan and KraDai.Most, but not all, have a long history as a written language. [26][46] The Official Languages Rules, in contrast, provide for a higher degree of use of Hindi in communications between offices of the central government (other than offices in Tamil Nadu, to which the rules do not apply). However, in recent years, African countries have become increasingly supportive of maintaining linguistic diversity. Business in the Indian parliament is transacted in either Hindi or in English. [43], The constitution provides, and the Supreme Court of India has reiterated, that all proceedings in the Supreme Court (the country's highest court) and the High Courts shall be in English. The state has the right to regulate the use of its official language in public administration, and in general, neither the constitution nor any central enactment imposes any restriction on this right. When students become active doers of mathematics, the greatest gains of their mathematical thinking can be realized. This is the total amount of money taken in. The latest Lifestyle | Daily Life news, tips, opinion and advice from The Sydney Morning Herald covering life and relationships, beauty, fashion, health & wellbeing To ensure that all Wikipedia content is verifiable, Wikipedia provides a means for anyone to question an uncited claim.If your work has been tagged, please provide a reliable source for the statement, and discuss if needed.. You can add a citation by selecting from the drop-down menu at the top of the editing box.In markup, you can add a citation manually using ref tags. I have managed projects from major donors like US Government, EU, DEC, and international and local corporations. Besides the former colonial languages of English, French, Portuguese, Dutch (Afrikaans) and Spanish, the following languages are official at the national level in Africa (non-exhaustive list): The colonial borders established by European powers following the Berlin Conference in 18841885 divided a great many ethnic groups and African language speaking communities. In earlier historical times, other Indo-European languages could be found in various parts of the continent, such as Old Persian and Greek in Egypt, Latin and Vandalic in North Africa and Modern Persian in the Horn of Africa. Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). A non-profit is exempt from taxation. The legal framework governing the use of languages for official purpose currently is the Official Languages Act, 1963, the Official Language Rules, 1976, and various state laws, as well as rules and regulations made by the central government and the states. The empty string is a legitimate string, upon which most string operations should work. However, when Javari considers the time spent on the bus, he realizes that he will also have to quit his evening job. Let's look at the formula and an example of how to calculate economic profit to help clarify. Economic profit differs from accounting profit because it also includes implicit costs, which are the opportunity costs equal to what a business or individual gave up in order to do something else. How can you be certain that you make the best financial decision when evaluating whether to take a job or invest in a new business opportunity? [7][8][9] In the case of contestable markets, the cycle is often ended with the departure of the former "hit and run" entrants to the market, returning the industry to its previous state, just with a lower price and no economic profit for the incumbent firms. A programming language does not need to be imperative or Turing-complete, but must be executable and so does not include markups such as HTML or XML, but does include domain Since Javari will be taking the bus to the better-paying job, he needs to subtract the explicit cost of the bus ticket from his salary. The section of the Constitution of India dealing with official languages, therefore, includes detailed provisions which deal not just with the languages used for the official purposes of the union, but also with the languages that are to be used for the official purposes of each state and union territory in the country, and the languages that are to be used for communication between the union and the states. Get the customizable mobile browser for Android smartphones. North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. Though a regulated firm will not have an economic profit as large as it would in an unregulated situation, it can still make profits well above a competitive firm in a truly competitive market.[9]. It is the seventeenth episode in the second season of South Park and the 30th episode of the series overall. Think critically about this map. This chart highlights some of the basic RMD rules as applied to IRAs and defined contribution plans [41], In contrast, the constitution requires the authoritative text of all laws, including Parliamentary enactments and statutory instruments, to be in English, until Parliament decides otherwise. In the first year you bring in $70,000 in revenue. [47] Communications between different departments within the central government may be in English and Hindi (though the English text remains authoritative), although a translation into the other language must be provided if required. This type of profit considers the explicit costs of an opportunity and the implicit costs. All the latest breaking UK and world news with in-depth comment and analysis, pictures and videos from MailOnline and the Daily Mail. The consideration of these losses of potential income is used to determine economic profit. About 130 million, 115 million and 35 million Africans, respectively, speak them as either native or secondary languages. At this point, price equals both the marginal cost and the average total cost for each good production. When students become active doers of mathematics, the greatest gains of their mathematical thinking can be realized. It is the seventeenth episode in the second season of South Park and the 30th episode of the series overall. Multiple Languages Better Serve Communities in Need. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. In this post, we discuss four ways to tear down communication barriers and foster excellent communication skills for your team or business! When the price of goods in each market area is set by each market then overall profit is maximized. [21] Rather than matching supply and demand for the entire company the matching is done within each market. This chart highlights some of the basic RMD rules as applied to IRAs and defined contribution plans To learn about definitive boundaries, contact the nations in question. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Despite this, German is still spoken in Namibia, mostly among the white population. (ACT 28, Gazetteer, Pondicherry Vol. The Indigenous languages of Australia comprise numerous language families and isolates, Since Robin is barely able to afford her expenses currently, she decides that opening a restaurant that will result in a $25,000 loss is a bad idea. [6] When new firms enter the market, the overall supply increases. December 1, 2020 Examines the role leaders play in helping their employees find meaning and purpose in times of crisis, makes the clear business case for dynamic portfolio management, and offers advice for CEOs around three important, technology-fueled trends. profit-sharing plans, 401(k) plans, 403(b) plans, and 457(b) plans. There is no national language in India. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. The authoritative text of all laws must be in English unless Parliament passes a law permitting a state to use another language, and if the original text of a law is in a different language, an authoritative English translation of all laws must be prepared. Javari will start by figuring out the total salary for each job. For example, the language Telugu (with a total of 81,127,740 speakers) includes the mother tongues of Telugu (with 80,912,459 speakers), Vadari (198,020 speakers) and "Others" (17,261 speakers). In addition to the official languages, the constitution recognizes 22 regional languages, which include Hindi but not English, as scheduled languages. Conversely, colloquial registers of Hindi and Urdu are almost completely The constitutional provisions in relation to use of the official language in legislation at the State level largely mirror those relating to the official language at the central level, with minor variations. Besides, the constitution grants the central government, acting through the President, the power to issue certain directives to the government of a state in relation to the use of minority languages for official purposes. The Indigenous languages of Australia comprise numerous language families and isolates, Krio from English in Sierra Leone and the very similar Pidgin in Nigeria, Ghana and parts of Cameroon; Cape Verdean Creole in Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau Creole in Guinea-Bissau and Senegal, all from Portuguese; Seychellois Creole in the Seychelles and Mauritian Creole in Mauritius, both from French); some are based on Arabic (e.g. The other way is to calculate the economic profit of the two scenarios. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean.Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as a part of Contour tones do occur, and can often be analysed as two or more tones in succession on a single syllable. India does not have a national language. Heine, Bernd and Derek Nurse (editors) (2000). The main subfamilies of Afroasiatic are Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Omotic, Egyptian and Semitic. I feel like its a lifeline. The NigerCongo languages constitute the largest language family spoken in West Africa and perhaps the world in terms of the number of languages. The use of English in parliamentary proceedings was to be phased out at the end of fifteen years unless Parliament chose to extend its use, which Parliament did through the Official Languages Act, 1963. If you would like to read more about the ideas behind Native Land or where we are going, check out the blog. Overall 15 to 20 million people are estimated to speak Afrikaans. Normal profit and economic profit are economic considerations while accounting profit refers to the profit a company reports on its financial statements each period. For example, while Urdu has 52 million speakers (2001), in no state is it a majority language. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you This is because opening a restaurant will result in Robin having less money after one year than she would have if she did not open the restaurant. The inclusion of the Songhay languages is questionable, and doubts have been raised over the Koman, Gumuz and Kadu branches. An externality including positive externality and negative externality is an effect that production/consumption of a specific good exerts on people who are not involved. 1967). The connection between pro-drop The origins of how they arrived to Madagascar remains a mystery, however the Austronesians are known for their seafaring culture. (Hindi is a listed Scheduled Language but English is not.) In January the actors donated 10,000 to a page to raise funds for Sands UK after one of their players Jordan Davies and his partner Kelsey lost their newborn child Arthur. The loss of wages needs to be factored in as an implicit cost. Hgstadiet, 'the high stage', is the last stage of compulsory education, between grades 7 and 9. The Come and See Foundation a nonprofit founded in October by veterans of Christian publishing, retailing and Bible translation seeks to reach one billion people with free versions of the mega-popular series The Chosen in hundreds of different languages. In economics, profit is the difference between the revenue that an economic entity has received from its outputs and the total cost of its inputs. Of the world's surviving language families, Afroasiatic has the longest written history, as both the Akkadian language of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egyptian are members. A firm may report relatively large monetary profits, but by creating negative externalities their social profit could be relatively small or negative. India's Constitution includes provisions detailing the languages used for the official purposes of the union, the languages used for the official purposes of each state and union territory and the languages used for communication between the union and the states. For example, it is difficult for firms to know the price elasticity of demand for their good which determines the MR.[20] In interdependent markets, It means firm's profit also depends on how other firms react, game theory must be used to derive a profit maximizing solution. A programming language does not need to be imperative or Turing-complete, but must be executable and so does not include markups such as HTML or XML, but does include domain-specific languages such as SQL and its dialects. [7][8][9][10] As the incumbent firms within the industry face losing their existing customers to the new entrants,[11] they are also forced to reduce their prices. They also need to know explicit costs which are things like uniform costs, transportation, training costs, etc. (Ministry of Home Affairs), dated 27 April 1960, "The Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules 1976 (As Amended, 1987) Paragraph 1", "Functions of Department | Department of Official Language | Ministry of Home Affairs | GoI", "The Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules 1976 (As Amended, 1987) Paragraph 3(1b)", "The Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules 1976 (As Amended, 1987) Paragraph 5(1,2)", "Official Language Act: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India", "Court language is English, says Supreme Court The Economic Times", "The Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules 1976 (As Amended, 1987) Section 3(3)", "The Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules 1976 (As Amended, 1987) Paragraph 1(ii)", "The Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules 1976 (As Amended, 1987) Paragraph 4(a)", "The Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules 1976 (As Amended, 1987) Paragraph 4(b, c)", "The Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules 1976 (As Amended, 1987) Paragraph 4(d)", "The Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules 1976 (As Amended, 1987) Paragraph 8", "Official Language Constitutional/Statutory Provisions", "Centre to promote the use of Hindi in South India, Northeast:Jitendra Singh", "Govt to promote use of Hindi in routine conversation, NE Times of India", "The Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules 1976 (As Amended, 1987) Section 7". Consider the following example: Javari has been offered two part-time jobs. Economic profit can, however, occur in competitive and contestable markets in the short run, since short run economic profits attract new competitors and prices fall. The final piece of information is implicit costs or the opportunity costs associated with taking one option instead of another. Explicit costs are the everyday costs that you pay for to run a business, such as wages, rent, utilities, and raw materials. Less-well investigated languages include Irimba, Luo, Mawa, Rer Bare (possibly Bantu), Bete (evidently Jukunoid), Bung (unclear), Kujarge (evidently Chadic), Lufu (Jukunoid), Meroitic (possibly Afroasiatic), Oropom (possibly spurious) and Weyto (evidently Cushitic). The first table is restricted to only speaking populations for scheduled languages. The SIL Ethnologue lists 415 living languages for India. 1. A fair number of unclassified languages are reported in Africa. Many times, people need to compare several options to decide which is the best financial decision. Average Variable Cost Formula & Function | How to Find the Average Variable Cost. Previously, Houssam worked at different international organizations including the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria, Therefore, increased competition reduces price and cost to the minimum of the long run average costs. Many remain unclassified simply for lack of data; among the better-investigated ones that continue to resist easy classification are: Of these, Jalaa is perhaps the most likely to be an isolate. 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