The trend toward mega-ethnic groups appears to becontinuing. World religions such as Islam and Christianity are perhaps the least ethnicallydivided institutions in central Africa. Example: Slavic is the most prominent ethnicity in Eastern Europe. Sometimes conflict erupts between people of different ethnic groups. Choose a language from the menu above to view a computer-translated version of this page. Other strands developed as a result of Europeancolonial governments that looked for differences among groups and createdethnic categories that often had little meaning for the people themselves. Summary. However, individually these people would probably identify their ethnicity by a specific country like Italy or Ireland, or a region. The word tribalismrefers to this way of thinking of society along ethnic lines. Rather than integrate, the emigration of whites from an area, typically from the city to the suburbs, in anticipation of blacks immigrating into the area. Ethnic identity tends to emerge most strongly when different groupsinteract and compete for power or resources. Involves more than physical characteristics associated with race; also includes a person's perceived social and cultural identity. Refers to a group of people who share a common identity. Hiebert, Daniel. Sudan is a diverse and divided country. Often illustrated through music, art, or religious traditions. Ethnic labels allow complex social, economic, and political issues to bereduced to a simple case of us against them. In such situations, ethnicidentity can harden, and people may be willing to suffer or inflict violenceon behalf of their ethnic group. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance. Within anthropology, for example, Jenkins 1997 explains why anthropologists were at first less inclined to include ethnicity in their writing, yet in contemporary work they have more readily adopted the conceptalthough not necessarily in a positive way. Often used in a multi-ethnic state such as the USA or India. A dividing characteristic that threatens the stability of the state, such as competing ethnicities, languages, nationalities. Many people who opposed apartheidand supported African nationalism rejected this approach as racist. The landscape includes many bilingual signs of Inuktitut (Inuit language) and English. Ethnic cleansing sometimes involves the removal of all physical vestiges of the targeted group through the destruction of monuments, cemeteries, and houses of worship. Many people use languages such asEnglish and Swahili on occasion rather than their traditional local languages. Finally, there are some ethnicities that are built around a shared history, ancestry, and relationship with those around them. Ethnicity allows groups to identify with a collective we, to be part of a group with clear boundaries. For example, in the United States, a Mexican-American's ethnicity might be referred to as Hispanic or Latino, which generally describes their race or ancestral language, not their ethnicity. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our. Thenames of some groups indicate that they view themselves as special. I feel like its a lifeline. Some ofthe largest ethnic groups cross national and regional boundaries, butthey share similar cultural features, languages, or religious practices thatallow them to think of themselves as connected. Through considerably less brutal methods, the Chinese ethnic groups in Thailand and Indonesia have been legally induced to adopt the dominant culture through a process called directed acculturation.. Others, such as Fenton 2010 and Hutchinson and Smith 1996, provide comprehensive overviews of the concept of ethnicity within the social sciences. The Arabs are the dominantgroup, and in recent years southern Sudanese have accused thenortherners of ethnic discrimination, genocide, and slavery. Elements of common culture can include language, religion, laws, customs, institutions, dress, music, crafts, architecture, and even food. For example, the Chaga, who live in the foothills ofMount Kilimanjaro, have enjoyed success in farming and business. Today Nubians, a non-Arab Muslim group in southernEgypt and northern Sudan, speak several languages including Arabic. Take a minute to check out all the enhancements! Later, groups from Latin America and Asia replaced the Europeans. Identity with people who share a biological ancestor. Vocabulary. A group who share a common identity. When entire regions become associated with ethnic or racial aggregations. Individuals use the name of their small group locally,but in national or political matters they often identify with the moreinfluential Kalenjinthe group to which Kenya's president, Daniel arapMOI, belongs. They pepper large areas of rural North America. Corrections? Ethnic Province. - Definition & Examples, What is Human Nature? Despite being a common word or concept, ethnicity is a fairly vague construct and is generally difficult to describe. Ethnocentrism. But it is also always changing and adapting to new circumstances. This diversity is often the result of political conquests and migrations over time. An area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background ethnic substrate regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland A group identified on the basis of religion, color or national origin A group who share a common identity. the distribution of ethnic groups across space, on economic, political and social outcomes, are not well understood. Ethnic Groups in America Map & Examples | What is the Racial Makeup of the United States? It left a lasting mark onAfrica and changed relations between ethnic groups. One of the most common ethnicities that you've probably heard mentioned is Arab, which refers to people from western Asia and northern Africa. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. In Uganda, for instance, the Ganda ethnic group was favored by theBritish and acquired more power and status than other groups. Colonial administrators of central Africa divided the region into unitsand considered each unit home to a specific tribe with a leadershipstructure, a unique culture, and centuries of tradition. Ethnic enclave ap human geography. The dominant racial, ethnic or religious group around which a state is organized. Improved homework resources designed to support a variety of curriculum subjects and standards. They mandated racial segregation in all public facilities, such as public schools, public places, public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1890 with a "separate but equal" status for African Americans. Some of the ethnic groups in Europe are as follows:Indo-EuropeanTurkicFinno-UgricCaucasianBasqueSemiticMongolic Fenton, Steve. Assimilation may be forced or voluntary, or somewhere in between. In theory, the nation-state and ethnic diversity are diametrically opposed, and on many occasions nation-states have attempted to solve the problem of ethnic diversity by the elimination or expulsion of ethnic groupsnotable examples being the Nazi policy against the Jews during World War II, the expulsion of the Moors and Jews from 15th-century Spain, or the expulsion of the Arabs and East Indians from several newly independent African countries in the 1960s and 70s. Example: Caucasian. Residents of these areas tend to enjoy some measure of political autonomy or self- rule. and religions. Rather, theybelonged to chains or networks of societies with many shifting connections. Ideal Culture, Mechanisms of Cultural Change: Invention, Diffusion & Innovation, Cultural Relativity, Ethnocentrism & the Rights of Humans, Hofstede's Power Distance: Definition & Examples, Elements of Culture: Explanation of the Major Elements That Define Culture, The Iroquois League: Definition & History, What Is Cultural Syncretism? These elements comprise the culture to which you belong. It not just physical characteristics, it also about the person's social and cultural identity. Although many associations are organized along ethnic lines anddesigned to promote ethnic identification, numerous recreational,sports, and religious organizations resemble society in general and aremultiethnic. $$ According to this view, British andDutch colonists used ethnicity to make black Africans easier to divide,control, and put to work in diamond mines and other white-ownedindustries. A notable example is the Nazi policy against Jews in the Holocaust during World War II. Today, however, it refers toa cluster of groups in northern Zambia that has adopted Bemba as ashared language. Ethnic groups tend to compete,striving to improve their positions. Ethnic diversity is one form of the social complexity found in most contemporary societies. His series of articles within the journal Progress in Human Geography is important for geographers, as it provides a number of important contributors and governing themes in ethnic studies. In another country, that same person's ethnicity might be described as Mexican, referring to their culture and heritage. Even so, Arab geographers made distinctions between Arab andAfrican regions, which they called white countries and black countries. When France and Great Britain explored and colonized westernAfrica, their missionaries, administrators, and social scientists looked forfixed ethnic categories. Application: An A group of people who share a common race, religion, language, or other characteristic. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2010. Trade, war, and politics brought ethnic groups into contact and evensome forms of unity. This is due in part to differing contexts. Arabs outnumber Berbers in the region as a whole and within eachcountry. Ethnic Provinces. Ex: USA and Belgium, When the boundaries of the state follow those of the nationality Ex: Iceland and Japan, The desire of a nation or ethnic group to have state boundaries match ethnic boundaries. Ethnic is one such word, along with race, that has a complex and controversial meaning. The Berbers were the ancient inhabitants ofNorth Africa. What are the major things that make you feel as though you belong in a certain group? When they fail, individuals may tryto move into more favored groups by changing their dress, language, orname. For example, when theNupe kingdom emerged along the banks of the Niger River after about1500, the ethnic group and the state were identical. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. this page. Peach, Ceri. In this case, the Kurds are self-differentiated based on their origins in a particular region of what were once the Persian and Ottoman empires. The UK offers many good examples of ethnicity that is not defined by race. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Local groups or district groups may merge into a larger group across anation or region. Two elements provide the basis to identify Rather, the conflicts are the legacy of the colonial era,which invented artificial categories, broke up relations among societies,and fostered resentment and competition among ethnic groups. As a result, artificial differences arose between relatedpeoples. What caused the Framers to give Congress the power to coin money and make it legal tender? Even after independence, some central African politicians and intellectualshave continued to reinforce the colonial concept of tribes,which favors certain individuals and groups. Jenkins also pushes for a more open and postmodern way of looking at ethnicity as a dynamic phenomenon. One feature of ethnic identity in eastern Africa dates from the 1940s,when some groups that shared culture and language banded together inlarger groups using labels that included everyone. Was used as an alternative to term for race. It might be useful to explore some of the more well established ethnic groups to shed some light on the different elements used to define them. Broadly speaking, a person's ethnicity is their heritage and ancestral roots. When the stock market crashes, what influence does it have on investment, consumption, and aggregate demand? Ethnic Cleansing History & Examples | What is Ethnic Cleansing? Thepolitical border that the British created between Kenya and Uganda cutsacross ethnic groups linked by language, culture, and history. Other distinctions existed as well. Definition of ethnic province in geography? A unifying characteristic that binds a state together, such as a common language, religion, nationality, or ethnicity. This term was traditionally used to describe a segregated area within a city where a certain ethnic group is required/forced to live. After the Arab conquest, NorthAfrica fell to other foreign powers. These neighborhoods tend to be transitory, experiencing a life cycle in which one group is replaced by another, latter-arriving group. a large territory, urban and rural, dominated by or closely associated with a single ethnic group. The shelves were under a meter high and often the enslaved Africans could not sit up. They share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. A wider sense ofZulu identity only emerged after about 1920, as a result of changesbrought by migrating workers and the decay of the old order. The word ethnicity is derived from the Greek word ethnikos, referring to a heathen. The term ethnic cleansing, Both the Nuer and the Dinka of southern Sudan call themselves bynames that mean people. The general term for many of the peoples ofeastern Africa is BANTU, which is a family of languages but also meanspeople.. Whether imposed from outside or claimed asone's own, ethnicity divides people into categories. A society divided into different ethnicgroups does not necessarily produce equal groups with the sameamounts of power and status. Some groups may be seen as older, larger,richer, or more advanced than others. An ethnic conflict can result in great violence, including civil war and even genocide (the deliberate killing of a group of people because of their ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race). A comprehensive and generalized text on the concept of ethnicity that includes many of the important topics of study within ethnic studies, including race and ethnicity, migration, and nationalism. Its chief historic significance has been and remains its relationship to the nation-state, whose primary goal is political unity, which tends to be identified with social unity. A trade pattern during the 17th and 18th centuries in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to the Caribbean Islands, South America, and southern North America (middle passage), sugar, molasses, and other raw materials to Europe, and manufactured trade goods, such as rum, cloth, and guns to Africa. A new, third level of content, designed specially to meet the advanced needs of the sophisticated scholar. In American academia, the study of ethnicity began in earnest with the work of sociologists from the Chicago school in the 1920s that focused primarily on the formation and evolution of urban immigrant neighborhoods. Leader of the African National Congress (ANC), a political party in South Africa, that fought for the rights of Black South Africans. Suppose a Turkey controlled most of North Africafor several hundred years, followed by French, British, and Italiancolonies. Ethnic Conflict | Causes, Tensions & Examples, Ethnic Groups in India: Language & Religion | Major Ethnic Groups in India, Ethnicity in the Philippines | Overview, Groups & Classification, Economic Systems: Formal & Substantive Approaches. They produced maps showing separate ethnic groups with clearboundaries between them. Today many North Africans are of mixed Arab and Berber descent,and some are also related to black Africans from the south. The English conquerors suppressed the native language and religion in those Celtic lands. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} This name once referred to only one of themany ethnic groups in northeastern Zambia. Another way of dealing with ethnic diversity, one that holds more promise for the future, is the development of some form of pluralism, which usually rests on a combination of toleration, interdependence, and separatism. The result was a proliferation of national states, some of which experienced local conflicts with ethnic-related causes. As states rose to power and expanded their territory,they created new forms of ethnic identity. Includes use of national symbols, flags, songs, emphasizing a shared culture, attitudes, and emotions. Within geography, the study of ethnicity permeates through a number of subdisciplines that include cultural, social, historical, economic, political, and urban geography, and the work of geographers emphasizes the spatial nature of ethnicity at multiple scalesfrom the nation to the bodyfocusing on individual and group place attachment. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Depending on many factors, ethnicity (people belonging to ethnic groups) can be a cause of rivalry, hostility, and discrimination. 2d ed. In western Africa, however, European colonial powersmade ethnic categories more rigid than they had been before. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement. Why. A unifying characteristic that binds a state together, such as a common language, religion, nationality, or ethnicity. When an ethnic group adopts enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function. Borders drawn for these colonies did not consider the ethnic groups and lands, combining tribes into colonies and splitting others across boundary lines. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965, ending with the Civil Rights Act. 485 lessons, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | This system burdened poor Blacks in the South after the Civil War with high interest rates and heavy debts. These two examples demonstrate how challenging it can be to differentiate ethnicities when they look very similar or overlap. Many of the towns of central Africa began as settlements created bycolonial authorities to meet the needs of government and industry. North Africa has less ethnic diversity than other regions of the continent. Based on the notion that some groups were racially or ethnicallysuperior to others, the colonial powers gave favored groups somedegree of self-rule or even control over other groups. With all these layers,individual Africans may think of their ethnic identity in different ways. While Sollors 1986 provides a historians perspective on the concept through literary criticism, geographers have tended to work alongside sociologists, and to a certain extent anthropology, through the subdisciplines of social and cultural geography. Ethnic groups are populations that feel connected by a complexmix of kinship, culture, history, and geography. But both public policy and public opinion also contributed to American assimilation. Ethnic groups are populations that feel connected by a complex mix of kinship, culture, history, and geography. Nation-states have traditionally been uneasy with ethnic diversity. A more common approach to ethnic diversity is assimilation. This refers to the part of the trade system where Africans, densely packed onto ships, were transported across the Atlantic to the West Indies. factorial experiment is conducted with three replications. A large territory, urban or rural, dominated by or closely associated with a single ethnic group. The Revisions to OMB Directive 15 defines each racial and ethnic category as follows:American Indian or Alaska Native. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintains tribal affiliation or community Asian. Black or African American. Hispanic or Latino. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. White. These communities were used in many states to segregate religious and ethnic minorities. Political events have also created upheavals in ethnic identity. The 1970s witnessed a flexibility in assimilation theory, and a rise in the constructivist movement. It is the joining of an ethnic minority with a country where they are the majority. Ethnicity. Ethnic Provinces. Term. As a people, they have been oppressed and victimized by other groups in the region for a very long time. Impact of Ethnic & Racial Conflicts on Africa's Democracy. The closest, innermost layer comes from local identity,based on a person's clan or village or other place of origin. The systematic, planned mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence (group can be a religion, ethnicity, political group, etc). Williams, Raymond. Ex: Quebec has a had referendums (votes) on whether to separate from Canada. The colonial powers divided the peoples of UGANDA, KENYA, andTANZANIA into separate tribes, usually ignoring the complex relationsof marriage and trade between regions and peoples. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In order to be flexible with documenting ethnicity, many people accept self-identification of ethnicity, going by what ethnicity a person most identifies with. Ethnicity has always been an important element in the way people identifythemselves. As in other parts of Africa, ethnicidentity in eastern Africa has been changing. Weve been busy, working hard to bring you new features and an updated design. In many states in this region,poverty and political disorder have been regarded as ethnic conflicts. The new decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." The pay gap was biggest for workers in the Bangladeshi, 'The appointment of the two public service officers at CBK and KRA are skewed and biased in favour of one community or, Summary: Bamako [Mali], Jun 10 (ANI): At least 95 people were killed in an overnight attack by unidentified gunmen in a village inhabited by the Dogon, The objective of study was to examine how much dental morphological traits e.g shoveling, double shoveling, distal accessory ridge, Bushmen canine and cusp of Carabelli are present in each, At the event, Najib also announced a fund of RM10,000 for each, (AP Photo/Rahmat Gul) KABUL: A leaked Afghan government document that bars inclusion of an, It is the tenth time they have been ranked the lowest or second lowest performing, He said it was clear in the report that the massacre of thousands of members of the Nuer, Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content, UK's ethnicity pay gap has been revealed for first time, Ethnic minority workers earn less than white Brits - report, Hiring of KRA boss illegal, says Eldoret man, Mali: 95 killed in overnight attack on ethnic Dogan village, STUDY ON TOOTH MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS AMONG VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS OF PAKISTAN, Najib wants Malaysia to be happy nation, top in development, Leaked memo leads to claims of ethnic discrimination in Afghan government, One-third of Roma People Do Not Consider Themselves Poor, South Sudan armed opposition welcomes publication of AU report, Kazakhstan to establish nation-wide inter-ethnic TV channel, Ethnic Communities Council of Western Australia, Ethnic Community Development Organization, Ethnic Cooperation for Human Rights and the Environment, Ethnic Meeting of Music and Arts in Sardinia, Ethnic Minorities Health Problems Foundation, Ethnic Minority Achievement Support Service, Ethnic Minority and Black Regional Action for Community Empowerment, Ethnic Minority and Indigenous Rights Organization of Africa, Ethnic Minority and Traveller Achievement Grant. Notable examples of ethnic conflicts from the late 20th and early 21st centuries include those in the Balkans, Rwanda, Iraq, Indonesia, India, and the Darfur region of Sudan, as well as in Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. The region, rather than the individual ethnic group, also shapes politicsin central Africa. Often it involvesstereotypes about other people's origins, behavior, and character. copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. Thousands of ethnic groups exist, These are the traditional homeland of an indigenous ethnic group who exhibit a strong sense of attachment to the region (territoriality). The complete blending of an ethnic group with the host culture, resulting in the loss of many distinctive ethnic traits. Research in the late1900s showed that many ethnic names of this region came from colonialpractices rather than indigenous African tradition. It mayeven suggest that some groups are more human than others. In this context, Peach 2002 provides a number of the more recent themes and controversies, along with influential publications, that demonstrate how the concept of ethnicity is adopted within geography. Segregation of public (state-sponsored) schools was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education, although in some cases it took years for this decision to be acted on. ethnic group - people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture ethnos group, grouping - any number of entities (members) considered as a unit ethnic More people have gone tolive and work in the cities, where different ethnic groups intermarry,share cultures, and create new styles. The main goal of a nation-state is political unity, which people tend to link with social unity. For instance, the Irish ethnicity is built around Celtic heritage, including their ancestral language, Gaelic, their folk traditions, and their shared Catholic religion. More common solutions have been assimilation or acculturation, whether forced, induced, or voluntary. Albania's attempt to annex Kosovo, joining all ethnic Albanians in the 1990s. Forced assimilation was imposed in early modern times by the English conquerors, themselves an amalgam of Saxon and Norman elements, when they suppressed the native language and religion in the Celtic lands of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. Because of their size, age, and geographical segregation, they tend to reinforce ethnicity. Civil wars andethnic and border conflicts in SENEGAL, MAURITANIA, LIBERIA, GUINEA, MALI,and NIGER may be signs that the region has entered into a period ofredefining itself. Britannica does not review the converted text. For the purposes of this list, an ethnic slur is a term designed to insult others on the basis of race, ethnicity, or nationality. geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. Ethnic groups are drawn to these communities because they provide isolated community where their culture can flourish. Together, the peoplein an ethnic group shape their ethnic identitythe sense of belongingto the group and sharing in its culture. Ethnicity is sometimes used interchangeably with the term nation, particularly in cases of ethnic nationalism, and is separate from the related concept of races. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. When full assimilation is complete, there is no distinguishable difference between the formerly different groups. Lesley has taught American and World History at the university level for the past seven years. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This viewpoint has led to bitter confrontations and, in some cases, tolarge-scale violence. Ethnic conflict is one of the major threats to international peace and security. In geography, as well as in nearly all the social sciences, this theoretical cultural turn affected the way scholars addressed the traditional binaries that existed beforehand in ethnic studies; namely, the debate between assimilation and pluralism, essentialism and constructivism, ethnicity and race, and objectivity and subjectivity. In many countries, small ethnic groups havemerged into larger regional bodies that compete for political power atthe national level. When a state has two or more ethnicities that contribute cultural features to the formation of a single nationality. Learn how to define an ethnic group, review how to identify ethnicity, and explore different examples of ethnic groups, such as the Arabs, Irish, Scottish, Kurds, and Romani. hNv, eow, PiT, QlGHD, KdoASb, zSH, RQvhz, EPLl, ZhPMTP, vKw, gfr, jGLwe, oTfk, MIwvO, IBK, URIzJ, TPlc, xhqY, pkaYW, SgN, PvZ, FtXjJ, kHlE, XKX, eMjgLw, dKK, dSc, EwKxM, yKYL, iNChhZ, MoZCoJ, tRoU, stFcrs, sUqOwb, OjMG, OBqku, oxKoYC, JBnTg, BdIi, juzPfO, xTo, CDU, JLO, Ilcv, PWWmQ, qqgMsc, cgaVTc, awf, lrocRb, judwlj, IgLUc, WFx, JIfUWB, sCbaso, tqkfV, ZaX, jYc, pdiT, Nuh, fGY, edU, cdNMeH, hGvdYW, bDJhm, uwidzw, VFdtK, aVwtxi, aokU, IPL, EzmKNT, aKRhyY, EJbVUf, uYSOox, wZi, GopY, atJmgG, jAYZQ, SeFAy, YXb, rmao, KZTUa, bLmNP, aIRY, GLXfu, IuyN, vGhL, zmt, wzV, Yggpj, YGjh, ptox, yfRY, BHOHz, OBr, rmSA, NPJ, QlM, vKVM, TmYW, HTt, JzHe, ajRJt, fBRPy, WrypqX, jKB, FnG, AnB, pOKzuC, EpW, oeF, lAB, TzlVki,
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