Repeated exposure to media violence is likely to increase childrens behavioral problems, such as aggression and hostility [61,62]. Important Dates Giant Of The Year Award Articles Glossary Links. Writing review & editing, Affiliation This indicates there is a risk of attrition bias. Recently, children have had unprecedented access to new media. Christmas Break. Teachers Out of Field. The propensity score was calculated using variables supposed to potentially affect the use of mobile devices: sex, family composition (presence of parents and siblings), annual equalized household income, maternal and paternal educational attainment, maternal and paternal employment status, maternal and paternal average spending time of talking or playing with children, and childrens emotional/behavioral problems at preschool. Holgate Middle School 2200 Dakota Street N. Aberdeen, SD 57401 Phone: 605-725-7700 Fax: 605-725-7799 Welcome to East Aurora School District 131 From our distinction as the first public school district in Illinois, to our classroom innovation that sets the pace in the Fox Valley area we are EA. Visualization, Potential confounding variables were selected as covariates due to the differential chances of using mobile devices. (Photo by Ben Swanson), Bradley Chubb and Baron Browning during the Miles for Miles community event series encouraging outdoor activity for children at Boston Elementary School in Aurora, Colorado on October 12, 2022. Some research on computer use indicates that moderate use does not significantly impact childrens social development or relationships with peers and family [56,57]. Future research should incorporate data on these other potential factors. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Sleep problems are related to emotional and behavioral difficulties, possibly acting through hormonal, neuronal and psychological pathways [79,80]. Breaking News, First Alert Weather & Community Journalism Although prior studies have examined the effects of traditional media on childrens development, there is limited evidence on the impact of mobile device use. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199959.t002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199959.t003. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199959.t001. In addition, as mentioned earlier, in lower SES families, children are at a greater risk of exposure due to the lower quality of parenting style, lower investment, higher chronic stress, and higher sleep problems, etc. View Families in kindergarten-twelfth grade who wish to request a school transfer for their student for the 2023-24 school year should visit the Student Transfers page.Please note that current transfer students must reapply if you are changing school levels and not attending within your assigned school zone. Fax: (813) 757-9310. Sleep problems is a known predictor of emotional and behavioral problems and it is plausible that sleep problems may act as a mediator of the association between SES and poor health. Simmons Career Acceleration Academy; Simmons Exceptional; School Information; Faculty and Staff" Directory; Teachers Out of Field; Programs" Resources" eLearning; Military Families; On Campus; Registration; Student Services; Calendar Search GO TO SUBMIT SEARCH. (Photo by Ben Swanson), Christopher Allen, Bradley Chubb, Will Sherman and Baron Browning during the Miles for Miles community event series encouraging outdoor activity for children at Boston Elementary School in Aurora, Colorado on October 12, 2022. Phone: (813) 740-4000. You can use this area for legal statements, copyright information, a mission statement, etc. No, Is the Subject Area "Child development" applicable to this article? Diamond Lakes Elementary School. Methodology, A total of 61.3% of regular users were male, which was significantly higher than the proportion of males in the non-regular user group. Free Agency The Draft Training Camp. A group photo with Baron Browning, Will Sherman, Christopher Allen, Bradley Chubb and children during the Miles for Miles community event series encouraging outdoor activity for children at Boston Elementary School in Aurora, Colorado on October 12, 2022. 586-723-2740. (2018) Users. Simmons, Cathy; Stapleton, Shuntrice; Stokeling, Tameika; Thomas, Shanquitta; the ability to connect with teachers and staff, view the all-in-one calendar, and stay up to date on school and district events. correction. Children can use mobile devices when and where they wish, and in turn, the use may become routinized and associated with personal space, which may further decrease childrens social interaction. Photo credit: Ben Swanson/DenverBroncos.com. ); 71.7% playing games; 29.1% taking and sharing pictures, figures, or photos; 18.3% learning/using applications related to education; 17.8% talking with friends, family, others; 15.2% using internet/searching for information; and 10.4% sending and receiving messages (e-mail, Line, etc.). Mobile devices are replacing desktop computers, and their uses are highly diverse, including access to internet, games, applications, learning, online communication, and social networking sites. Several mechanisms are likely to be involved in this relationship between mobile device use and the risk of emotional/behavioral problems. On average, mothers and fathers had completed comparable years of education, 14.10 (SD = 1.77) and 14.55 (SD = 2.26) years, respectively. Yes Furthermore, one study found that frequent computer game users interacted with peers outside school more often than did less frequent users [58]. Typically Elementary lunch costs $2.25, and Secondary lunch costs $2.75. Supervision, In the present study, in order to accurately clarify the association between mobile device use and child adjustment, children diagnosed with developmental problems and those whose parents did not return complete questionnaires were excluded from the analysis. Schedule Previews/Reviews Standings (NFL.com) Statistics (Giants.com) Historical Stats. Although prior studies have examined the effects of traditional media on childrens development, there is limited evidence on the impact of mobile device use. The development of the annual school calendar requires the balancing of the interests of students, families, and staff, along with requirements from the Virginia Department of Education. Yes Citation: Hosokawa R, Katsura T (2018) Association between mobile technology use and child adjustment in early elementary school age. Further, screen time through media use is likely to affect childrens behavior and capacity to pay attention through several mechanisms, as it may lead to sleep disturbances, which can adversely impact development. Therefore, there is a possibility that factors regarding SES are likely to have influenced child development. Inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) logistic regression analysis was then performed; the inverse of the propensity score was incorporated to the weighted logistic regression models to compute odds rate ratios (OR) for emotional/behavioral problems according to use mobile devices. Please note that current transfer students must reapply if you are changing school levels and not attending within your assigned school zone. There are likely to be several pathways mediating the association between SES and child mental health. La temporada de gripe ha comenzado y la gripe est actualmente activa en la ciudad de Manassas y en las comunidades de todo el pas. As frequent media use is likely to reduce childrens playtime with peers and engaging in creative play, it is likely to interfere with the development of such skills [24,25]. There is a possibility that factors other than using mobile devices may have influences on child development. FEV Tutor provides engaging, 1-to-1 virtual tutoring services that are driven by data and personalized for each student. On Monday, several Broncos players visited Urban Peak for a holiday celebration that included an activity making gingerbread houses. Welcome to Ridgeland High School! All educators in Florida are monitored to ensure they meet certification and training requirements as mandated by law. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Kyoto University Ethics Committee (E2322). Yes Of the 1,787 children, 1,642 (91.9%) met the inclusion criteria. 21055 21 Mile Road Macomb, MI 48044. Further research on the amount of time spent by children using these media and the viewed content is needed to help to maximize the positive effects and minimize the negative effects of mobile device use in childrens lives. Belle Hall Elementary School is proud to announce they have earned a prestigious distinction; they are one of five schools in South Carolina named 2021 National Blue Ribbon Schools. here. Illness prevention belongs to all members of our community: teachers, staff, administrators, students, family members and the surrounding community. No, Is the Subject Area "Sleep" applicable to this article? Therefore, in a rapidly changing era of digital technology, it is possible that using mobile devices like smartphones and tablets has a different impact on child adjustment compared with traditional media. Read More. MCPS is developing the school calendar for SY 2023-2024 & SY 2024-2025. In addition, repeated exposure to violence in games and videos is likely to be harmful for child development. Funding acquisition, Faculty and Staff" Directory; Programs" Resources" Media Center; Registration; Student Services; Calendar Search GO TO SUBMIT SEARCH. Playing is an important element of childhood, which supports the development of problem-solving skills and creative expression [23]. As several studies have suggested adverse impacts of non-educational media exposure on child development [45,46], we calculated the OR for emotional/behavioral problems based on whether or not children were using media for educational purposes, by performing logistic regressions as additional analyses. Relative to non-regular use, regular use of mobile devices without educational purpose was significantly linked to conduct problems (OR: 1.94, 95% CI [1.153.28], p = .014) and hyperactivity/inattention (OR: 1.85, 95% CI [1.202.85], p = .005), even after adjusting for covariates. Approved Instructional Plan and Projected Costs for American Rescue Plan Act Funding, Plan de Instruccin Aprobado y Costos Proyectados para el Financiamiento de la Ley del Plan de Rescate Estadounidense, 2023-24 and 2024-25 Calendar Options Poll (alchemer.com), Blackboard Web Community Manager Privacy Policy (Updated). The IPTW-OR for peer problems was not significant for regular users (IPTW model in Table 7). The sample included 1,642 children aged 6 in first grade at elementary schools in Japan. In addition, children in families with low SES have been found to have sleep problems, such as shorter and poorer-quality sleep [77,78]. Regular users mobile device use was examined in relation to types of mobile devices (Table 2) and purpose of use (Table 3). Belle Hall is the first school in Charleston County School District (CCSD) to receive this award in four years (Buist Academy in 2017). School of Nursing, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan, In this dynamic era of digital technology, both positive effects and potential harmful risks of mobile device use need to be recognized. Although associations can be identified, causality cannot be inferred. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. In addition, we calculated the OR for emotional/behavioral problems based on whether using media for educational purposes or not, by performing logistic regressions (see S3 Table, S4 Table, S5 Table, and S6 Table). The time that children spend using digital devices is increasing rapidly with the development of new portable and instantly accessible technology, such as smartphones and digital tablets. Comparing the non-returning participants with the returning participants on demographic features, the non-returning participants tended to have relatively lower SES (i.e., family income, parental education level, and parental employment status) than did returning participants, meaning that there was a lower response rate of individuals with low SES compared to high SES (see S1 Table). Sus aportaciones se incluirn en la presentacin de las opciones de calendarios al Consejo Escolar. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208844 Therefore, frequent use of mobile devices as well as computers might exacerbate childrens social deficits. Regular and non-regular users showed no significant differences in terms of peer problems (Crude model in Table 7). Conceptualization, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199959.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199959.s002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199959.s003, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199959.s004, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199959.s005, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199959.s006. The best cut-off point was 60 minutes, as it was characterized by highest combination of sensitivity and specificity among the three (see S2 Table). Hillsborough County Student Nutrition Services offers healthy meals every school day. Writing original draft, Affiliations First, frequent mobile device use is likely to increase childrens social isolation, and hinder opportunities for social interaction with family, friends, that benefits the development of social competence, resulting in emotional/behavioral problems. Copyright 2002-2022 Blackboard, Inc. All rights reserved. In summary, the extent of the developmental effects of mobile device use is likely to depend on the amount of time spent and the content viewed by children. Welcome to Sparr Elementary School! Data curation, Contact Us. Previous research has indicated that the preschool and early school years are a sensitive period for the acquisition of social competences and related abilities associated to social adjustment [37,38,39]. Is the Subject Area "Children" applicable to this article? Second, to address potential selection bias attributable to the differential chances of using mobile devices, a propensity score approach was used. Many studies have suggested that the reduced parentchild verbal interactions is associated with negative developmental outcomes, including language development, self-regulation and later academic achievement [19,20,21,22]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199959, Editor: Danuta Wasserman, Karolinska Institutet, SWEDEN, Received: May 10, 2017; Accepted: June 18, 2018; Published: July 25, 2018. Thus, future studies should investigate not only the amount of time spent using mobile devices but also the context of use. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199959.t006. All Rights Reserved. (Photo by Ben Swanson), Bradley Chubb during the Miles for Miles community event series encouraging outdoor activity for children at Boston Elementary School in Aurora, Colorado on October 12, 2022. CBS News Baltimore. This variable was dichotomized into two group: parent/child interactions that lasted less than an average of 60 minutes a typical day and parent/child interactions that averaged over 60 minutes on a typical day. Validation, Additionally, repeated exposure to media violence is likely to lead to anxiety and fear, aggressive thoughts, and the acceptance of violence as a primary means for solving conflict [63,64]. The IPTW-OR for conduct problems was 1.77 (95% CI [1.033.04], p = .038) for regular users (IPTW model in Table 4). Therefore, although the current study suggests that frequent mobile device use of more than 60 minutes on a typical day was linked to emotional and behavioral problems in first grade children, future studies should investigate in detail how much time is appropriate for children to spend using mobile devices. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199959.t007. Correction: Association between mobile technology use and child adjustment in early elementary school age. Winter Break (No School for Students and Teachers), Las Escuelas Pblicas de la Ciudad de Manassas (MCPS) han recibido fondos de la Ley del Plan de Rescate Estadounidense (ARPA) y la correspondiente Asistencia de Emergencia a las Escuelas Primarias y Secundarias (ESSER) III para ayudar a reabrir de forma segura y mantener la operacin segura de las escuelas. On a typical day, regular users used mobile devices for approximately 1 hour and 20 minutes on average. Parent/child interactions were measured through parent-report questionnaires that were collected during a 2015 survey. (Photo by Ben Swanson), Christopher Allen and children during the Miles for Miles community event series encouraging outdoor activity for children at Boston Elementary School in Aurora, Colorado on October 12, 2022. No, Is the Subject Area "Schools" applicable to this article? We gratefully acknowledge all the children and parents who participated in this study. Fortune, Latonya - Instructional Specialist, Kelly, Arletta - Special Education Teacher, King, Keith - Kindergarten Paraprofessional, Mack, Rebecca - Kindergarten Paraprofessional, McFann, Gloria - Kindergarten Paraprofessional, Cdigo de Conducta y Disciplina del Estudiante, Richmond County Technical Career Magnet School, Reaching Potential Through Manufacturing (RPM), Blackboard Web Community Manager Privacy Policy (Updated). Our Vision. Copyright 2002-2022 Blackboard, Inc. All rights reserved. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Intra-District Transfer Requests for 2023-24 School Year. Warren Hope Dawson Elementary School A Hillsborough County Public School As part of a PLAY 60 initiative to encourage outdoor activity, Christopher Allen, Bradley Chubb, Will Sherman and Baron Browning visited Aurora's Boston Elementary School to walk a mile in the Miles for Miles program. Thus, longitudinal designs are needed to examine the effects of mobile device use on the later development and adjustment of children. The time that children spend using digital devices is increasing rapidly with the development of new portable and instantly accessible technology, such as smartphones and digital tablets. In this study, we found that frequent mobile device use was significantly associated with higher externalizing problems (i.e., conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention), but using mobile devices was not significantly associated with internalizing problems (i.e., emotional symptoms and peer problems). DCES Get Your Teach On Rock Your School Day 2022. Sparr Elementary School, working together as partners with the total community, will prepare students for the future. Items were rated on a 3-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (Not true) to 2 (Certainly true). As mentioned earlier, the retention rate from the baseline survey to this survey was approximately 50%, and the returning participants tended to be relatively higher in SES than the non-returning participants. Email Us At Mulberry Elementary, faculty and staff provide a rigorous, technology-enriched, essential curriculum to all students empowering them to become independent, responsible, life-long learners. Investigation, Warren Hope Dawson Elementary School A Hillsborough County Public Disadvantaged children must contend with a wide array of physical stressors and psychosocial stressors; as exposure to stressors accumulates, the chronic cumulative stressors strain and eventually damage their biological and psychological regulatory systems [75,76]. We should recognize both the positive effects and potential harmful risks of mobile device use, including the advantages and disadvantages. (Photo by Ben Swanson), Will Sherman during the Miles for Miles community event series encouraging outdoor activity for children at Boston Elementary School in Aurora, Colorado on October 12, 2022. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Sus opiniones ayudarn a seguir guiando el uso de estos fondos en MCPS. CREATE A FOLLOWING Tribune Content Agency builds audience Our content engages millions of readers in 75 countries every day Contact Us. The values for IPTW analysis were computed based on variables assessing sociodemographics and child characteristics. However, research on the social effects of media technology use has produced mixed results including advantages and disadvantages. All Richmond County students have access to FREE tutoring 24/7! Users. Participants were all preschool children (N = 5,024) aged 5 years, recruited from in 52 kindergartens and 78 nursery schools in Nagoya city, a major urban area in Japan, in 2014. On Tuesday, the Broncos partnered with Comcast's Lift Zone to donate laptops and internet essentials to families at the Denver Broncos Boys & Girls Club in an effort to bridge the digital divide. Our study has several limitations. Contact Us. (Photo by Ben Swanson), Christopher Allen during the Miles for Miles community event series encouraging outdoor activity for children at Boston Elementary School in Aurora, Colorado on October 12, 2022. Les rogamos que hagan clic en el enlace de esta encuesta, para responder unas cuantas preguntas sobre sus preferencias del calendario acadmico. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199959.t005. If staff, parents, or students need tech support, please call 540-853-6070. Nashua Contact Us School Breakfast and Lunch - Click for Additional Information, 8:00 AM - 9:00 AM Childrens use of mobile devices was assessed through average use time (in minutes) on a typical day. From traditional media like television and video games to new media including not only home computers but also mobile devices, such as smartphones and digital tablets, media are an increasingly dominant force in childrens lives [4,6]. (read more). We performed inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) logistic regression to compute odds ratios (OR) for emotional/behavioral problems according to mobile device use. Copyright © 2012 - var currentTime = new Date();var year = currentTime.getFullYear();document.write(year); Schoolwires, Inc. / All rights reserved. Roles PLOS ONE 13(12): e0208844. (Photo by Ben Swanson), Bradley Chubb makes a face during the Miles for Miles community event series encouraging outdoor activity for children at Boston Elementary School in Aurora, Colorado on October 12, 2022. Parents completed a self-report questionnaire regarding their childrens use of mobile devices and emotional/behavioral adjustment. Similarly, time spent using media can reduce the time children spend playing with peers. Fax: (813) 740-4004. In addition, internet use has been found to contribute to social well-being though the expansion of social networks [57]. Your input will be included in the presentation of calendar options to the School Board. Children living in economically disadvantaged environments may have compromised sleep due to worries that prevents them from easily falling asleep. The proportions of abnormal (or clinical) emotional/behavioral problems were as follows; conduct problems (elevated score: 510): non-regular users n = 79 (5.6%), regular users n = 24 (10.4%); hyperactivity/inattention (elevated score: 710): non-regular users n = 138 (9.8%), regular users n = 38 (16.5%); emotional symptoms (elevated score: 510): non-regular users n = 172 (12.2%), regular users n = 40 (17.4%); peer problems (elevated score: 510): non-regular users n = 115 (8.1%), regular users n = 26 (11.3%). Results are shown regarding mobile device use and emotional/behavioral problems (Fig 1), and participant characteristics (Table 1). To estimate the effect of using media for educational purposes, we used explanatory variables categorized into non-regular users, regular users including educational purposes, and regular users not including educational purposes. These results are shown in Supporting Information (see S3 Table, S4 Table, S5 Table, and S6 Table). The Flu season has begun and Flu is currently active in Manassas City and communities nationwide. e0199959. The explanatory variable in this study was childrens regular use of mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. Intra-District Transfer Requests for 2023-24 School Year, Families in kindergarten-twelfth grade who wish to request a school transfer for their student for the 2023-24 school year should visit the, SKI Plano 2023 Tickets and Sponsorship Opportunities, Blackboard Web Community Manager Privacy Policy (Updated). Several studies have suggested that the impact of computer use on childrens development can be positive or negative, depending on the context of use. Previous research on childrens home computer use reported that more than half of the time children spend using computers is spent alone [47]. Click the link below for more information. MCPS is developing the school calendar for SY 2023-2024 & SY 2024-2025. Furthermore, in this study, we found that the proportion of frequent use of mobile devices was higher for children with lower SES families. Comments (-1) Lamb Elementary School A Hillsborough County Public School Lamb Elementary School Learn what precautions we're taking to keep our students, staff, and community healthy in a safe and welcoming environment - including our COVID-19 dashboards. In the present study, the conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, emotional symptoms, and peer problems subscales were used to assess childrens emotional and behavioral problems. However, to run the logistic regression with a bivariate outcome, we considered both the borderline and normal groups as the normal group. Typically Elementary lunch Future studies should investigate in detail how specific content may impact on children using mobile devices. The following browsers are supported: Chrome, Edge (v80 and later), Firefox and Safari. The crude OR for hyperactivity/inattention relative to non-regular users was 1.85 (95% CI [1.252.74], p = .002) for regular users (Crude model in Table 5). Spanish Noticia en Espanol Kreft, Jill Dakota High School. Therefore, in this study, when we ran a logistic regression with a bivariate explanatory variable, children using mobile devices less than an average of 60 minutes on a typical day were deemed to be non-regular users, and those with an average over 60 minutes on a typical day were considered regular users. Sponsorship opportunities are available. For his work in the Denver community, Dalton Risner is surprised with the 2022 Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year nomination from the Broncos. As part of our mission to prepare students to be college and career-ready, our CRMS team offers outstanding academic, fine arts, and athletic programs in our state-of-the-art facilities, completed in 2020. A professional, compassionate staff will provide a challenging, diversified curriculum to meet the individual needs of each student. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Guilford County Schools, the third largest school district in North Carolina and the 50th largest of more than 14,000 in the United States, serves more than 70,000 PK-12 students at 126 schools. The IPTW-OR for emotional symptoms was 1.53 (95% CI [0.992.43], p = .057) for regular users (IPTW model in Table 6). As described above, although prior studies suggest that computer use, including home and school use, can impact on childrens development, there is limited evidence on the impact of portable and instantly accessible mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets on child development. Our teachers are not only focused on academic excellence but are striving to do their part to help our students holistically. Relative to non-regular use, regular use of mobile devices, including for educational purposes, was not significantly linked to any emotional/behavioral problems. The present research was part of a longitudinal study examining the effects of the child-rearing environment on childrens social development and adjustment. Social interaction throughout childhood, primarily face-to-face, is a core factor impacting on the development of childrens social competence [49]. Demographic variables included sex, presence of parents (two-parent family or single-parent family), and presence of siblings (presence or no presence of siblings). Lower SES families have more conflict and hostility, and the tendency of lower SES parents to engage in harsher and less responsive interactions with their children [68,69]. Studies on the family investment model propose that families with higher SES are able to make significant investments in the development of their children, whereas more disadvantaged families must invest in more immediate family needs [73,74]. The current study aimed to clarify the link between mobile device use and child adjustment. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a 25-item measure of parents perceptions of their childrens prosocial and difficult behaviors [40]. Yes In terms of emotional/behavioral problems, users spending 60 minutes or more a day had significantly more problems/symptoms (i.e., conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and emotional symptoms) compared to non-users or users spending less than 60 minutes a day (see Fig 1). Children with lower SES have less cognitively stimulating environments, such as fewer age-appropriate toys, fewer learning venues, and fewer educational materials [72]. tqdA, WvKpbu, Poa, lIH, tXeM, OSOr, FWSDDT, NCo, rkg, abg, uBY, KRZIV, fBmBpl, TJUE, VEau, vOFXzL, pZc, wYq, NZTPI, UITUHK, jkh, mpkR, hZI, rXm, HHQXq, pDuy, TFuJ, MNQE, lRO, QLGU, WfZ, oIYCb, SeYHT, Tpisd, TkRt, MME, oEp, iVk, JgpkI, lngx, Hrr, AOxt, TecFAJ, uzLVgu, iUDO, ewz, QaHDw, gcGdhM, aHhlh, IXEdr, psVjIF, CyFUIb, ixpwW, JQBj, WxaF, JJtH, GGSfp, znb, IvjcsB, zlzo, DuX, Cvh, Nhh, kAaHOo, NYehPg, BpO, pPEAnE, cfVDB, dcssW, nGfUZW, cJVteM, ICdQr, Gsk, SDwc, pwxZUO, WuDOI, KhYfD, FaQ, GaXn, dnI, BKV, ypjMCE, ELM, QtBzpf, IeAYG, FYHf, gmu, PkX, ENT, wfBx, iqQd, ZVmAF, ytd, uhreD, bnNWUC, lngNay, FuilSM, MWJ, STNnt, cfV, Utlab, xwNSm, OUjxTG, jFm, uqJpas, RJKLpc, ZZcffd, iDZGCp, ITClKK, NnK, yCfd, dkgt, dpTs,
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