dmvpn phase 2 ospf configuration

The spoke routers use a similar configuration to the hub. When we talk about DMVPN, we often refer to an underlay and overlay network: DMVPN has different versions which we call phases, theres three of them: Let me give you an overview of the three phases: With phase 1 we use NHRP so that spokes can register themselves with the hub. Vendor agnostic technology (IEEE 802.1Q) OSPF Spoke example; DMVPN Phase 2 Single Hub EIGRP Hub example; DMVPN Phase 2 Single Hub EIGRP Spoke example; Lets try a quick traceroute from H1: Introduction to EIGRP; 3.5a: Packet Types. Major benefits include: On-demand full mesh ISP. We still need to redistribute EIGRP into OSPF. So Ill add the static route to both spokes, then test: We now have the results we were looking for. We are also getting a summary route from the Hub, which is the ABR. The tunnel key, if set, is in the GRE header. group 2 lifetime 86400. Good point on passing traffic through hub for security purposes. In this example, the source traffic of interesting subnet would be from the 172.16.100.0/24 subnet to the 192.168.10.0/24. The CGR 2010 and the CGR 2520 are deployed in both transmission and distribution substations. In the introduction to redistribution lesson, I explained the basics of redistribution. This is the hub router. When a spoke router wants to reach another spoke, it will send an NHRP resolution request to the hub to find the NBMA IPaddress of the other spoke. There are three options you can choose from: With the match option, we can choose to redistribute only specific OSPF routes like external or internal routes. Phase 1 Configuration. See me on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/michael-o-brien-213397b0 Cisco ASA FirePOWER Services: how to install FMC? How to enable EIGRP authentication, PBR: Reliable Policy Based Routing (Cisco), Route Map configuration for traffic routing, Cisco ASA: Cisco Anyconnect configuration, DMVPN Phase 1 Single Hub EIGRP Hub example, DMVPN Phase 1 Single Hub EIGRP Spoke example, DMVPN Phase 1 Single Hub OSPF Hub example, DMVPN Phase 1 Single Hub OSPF Spoke example, DMVPN Phase 2 Single Hub EIGRP Hub example, DMVPN Phase 2 Single Hub EIGRP Spoke example, DMVPN Phase 3 Single Hub EIGRP Hub example, DMVPN Phase 3 Single Hub EIGRP Spoke example, DMVPN Phase 3 Single Hub OSPF Hub example, DMVPN Phase 3 Single Hub OSPF Spoke example. We need something that helps our branch1router figure out what thepublic IP address is of the branch2 router, we do this with a protocol calledNHRP (Next Hop Resolution Protocol). Cisco SD-WAN OSPF Configuration; Cisco SD-WAN BGP Configuration; 2.2.d: Localized Policies. Heres what the GRE encapsulated IP packet will look like: The inner source and destination IP addresses are known to use, these are the IP address of the tunnel interfaces. Example: if prefix matches 192.168.4.0/24 then redistribute it from OSPF into EIGRP. As a result, all OSPF routes are now gone. In this example, the source traffic of interesting subnet would be from the 172.16.100.0/24 subnet to the 192.168.10.0/24. The spoke wont know where to send encapsulated packets yet, so we need to configure a mapping between the tunnel address and the NBMA address. One of the advantages of PPP is that you can use it to assign an IP address to the other end. Encryption is supported through IPsec which makes DMVPN a popular choice for connecting different sites using regular Internet connections. The primary difference in Phase-2 is the ability for direct spoke-to-spoke communication. This is a pretty simple and elegant solution for using OSPF over phase 3 DMVPN. 'Monitor' commands are only stored in the router's RAM and are lost after a router reboot. ISAKMP, also called IKE (Internet Key Exchange), is the negotiation protocol that allows two hosts to agree on how to build an IPsec security association. Example: if packet length > QoS on LAN Switches; QoS Trust Boundary; Classification and Marking on Switch; Queuing on 3560/3750 Switches; Unit 3 : Shaping. Here is the topology well use: Lets start with the ISP router. What Ive been having problems with is that the router that is issuing the PD for whatever reason (labeled ISP in your example) is not putting the route in its local routing table (for redistribut. The cool thing about DMVPN is that we use multipoint GRE so we can have multiple destinations. There are several parts which will be familiar from when you configured a GRE tunnel. And put everything together with a crypto map. You may think that phase 1 is outdated, but its especially useful for learning DMVPN in general. Its possible to have NHRP enabled on more than one interface on a router. ISAKMP negotiation consists of two phases: Phase 1 and Phase 2. On the interface that connects to the customers, I configure an IPv6 address that does not fall within the range of the global prefix (if you try, you get an error) and the DHCP server needs to be activated on the interface: That completes the ISP router configuration. This completes the installation phase of the Cisco VPN client on Windows 10. We need to enable IPv6 unicast routing: ISP(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing The global prefix is configured with the ipv6 local pool command: ISP(config)#ipv6 local pool GLOBAL_POOL 2001:DB8:1100::/40 48 This tells the router that we have a pool called GLOBAL_POOL and that we can use the entire 2001:DB8:1100::/40 prefix. The IR829 Industrial Integrated Services Routers (IR829) have a compact form factor, multimode 4G LTE and 3G wireless WAN (dual active LTE and single LTE models), IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n WLAN, Ethernet (RJ45 Lets start with the ISP router. Nothing special, just regular OSPF. On each of our hosts, we use autoconfiguration: Lets take a closer look at our DHCP pool: The output above tells us that we have two clients and that the ISP router uses the GLOBAL_POOL for the prefix. Major benefits include: On-demand full mesh This is close to the result we want, the only issue is that we also filtered the default route that was coming from the hub. It prevents Layer 2 loops in a network. QoS on LAN Switches; QoS Trust Boundary; Classification and Marking on Switch; Queuing on 3560/3750 Switches; Unit 3 : Shaping. Heres an an illustration of how NHRP works with multipoint GRE: Above we have two spoke routers (NHRP clients) which establish a tunnel to the hub router. The new platforms are architected to enable the next phase of branch-office evolution, providing Vendor agnostic technology (IEEE 802.1Q) OSPF Spoke example; DMVPN Phase 2 Single Hub EIGRP Hub example; DMVPN Phase 2 Single Hub EIGRP Spoke example; Among other useful information in this section, it states that: Hi REne and staff, So, if the NBMA address changes, the hub will suddenly see a new mapping, which is not unique. Both phase 2 and 3 allow spoke-to-spoke traffic, the advantage of phase 3 is that we use the shortcuts so you dont need specific entries anymore in the routing tables of the spoke routers. We do this under the EIGRP process: Lets take a look at the redistribute ospf options: We need to select the correct OSPF process. DMVPN provides the capability for creating a dynamic-mesh VPN network without having to pre-configure (static) all possible tunnel end-point peers, including IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) and ISAKMP (Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol) peers. The new platforms are architected to enable the next phase of branch-office evolution, providing rich media collaboration and virtualization to the branch while maximizing operational cost savings The Integrated Services Routers Generation 2 platforms are For example, it adds options for hierarchical deployment of hubs. Bootstrap process VM installation, Cisco Switch and ISE unified port configuration, Connecting Cisco ISE 3.0 node to Active Directory, Connecting Cisco ISE node to Active Directory, Syslog: Configure syslog server logging (Cisco), Cisco FMC - installing certificate for pxGRID, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, Next-generation firewall mechanisms for threat detection, Firewall Network Security attack vectors. The same configuration can be put on both spokes with different IPs: Now that we have the network setup, lets take a look at the OSPF database and routing table: As we can see from the output, the spokes will a type 1 LSA for all other DMVPN spokes, along with all routes from within the NSSA. Back in the 90s, PPP was also commonly used for internet dial-up connections. This allows remote users to connect to the ASA and access the remote network through an IPsec encrypted tunnel. The final part on DMVPN phase 2 is to briefly look at the configuration changes made to enable this phase. Phase 1 creates the first tunnel, which protects later ISAKMP negotiation messages. Lets try a quick traceroute from H1: This completes the installation phase of the Cisco VPN client on Windows 10. No other OSPF routes, and no LSAs from the hub. I cant think of any advantages right now that phase 2 has over phase 3 so if you implement this, yo Benefits. There are four pieces to the DMVPN puzzle: Our regular GRE tunnels are point-to-point and dont scale well. And put everything together with a crypto map. thanks for your work (it is not pretented), https://cdn-forum.networklessons.com/uploads/default/original/2X/7/7335742f2d5451e7b58476dedc8f9cf0a05ac174.png, and i test some other prefix values for the global pool, When the global pool is /40 (like in the lesson) the delegation is between 40 and 56, https://cdn-forum.networklessons.com/uploads/default/original/2X/6/6a667fe33f1c8b8e10960d6355494027e44d51f7.jpeg, when the global pool is /32 the delegation is between 32 and 48, https://cdn-forum.networklessons.com/uploads/default, 10 more replies! Nothing special, just regular OSPF. The same configuration can be put on both spokes with different IPs: SPOKES: router ospf 1 router-id 0.0.0.2 area 1 nssa ! Redistribute networks from OSPF into EIGRP based on certain match conditions. We will do this on the VLAN 1 interfaces of SW1 and SW2: SW1 & SW2 (config)#interface Vlan 1 (config-if)#standby 1 ip 192.168.1.254 Use the standby command to configure HSRP. 200 Vesey Street Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. EIGRP Packets Explained; EIGRP Hold Time and Hello Packets; 3.5b: Neighbor Relationship. Phase 1 sounds like it would be a very limited use case, and phase 3 is the ideal and more often seen implementation. The spanning tree is generated during the process of exchanging Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) between bridges in a LAN. This is because we dont want to flood LSAs from the rest of the network into the area. Were only focusing on DMVPN here. Both phase 2 and 3 allow spoke-to-spoke traffic, the advantage of phase 3 is that we use the shortcuts so you dont need specific entries anymore in the routing tables of the spoke routers. I recommend watching some of the DMVPN videos on Cisco Live on demand, as they describe these options in detail. The overlay network is our private network with GRE tunnels. The DHCP client can then configure an IPv6 address on its LAN interface using the prefix it received. We encapsulate this IP packet, put a GRE header in front of it and then we have to fill in the outer source and destination IP addresses so that this packet can be routed on the Internet. +48 61 271 04 43 Introduction to EIGRP; 3.5a: Packet Types. If the device is required to be the root bridge, set the root bridge priority to a value lower than 32768. Change to STP mode: The spanning tree is enabled on all switch ports as a default setting. ; Login banner: this one is displayed just before the authentication prompt. IPsec Phase 2 In this lesson well take a look how to configure remote access IPsec VPN using the Cisco VPN client. group 2 lifetime 86400. DMVPN Configuration. Trunk port configuration example to carry the different VLAN tags between two devices on the same physical link. How will I connect to Spoke 2 from the Hub router. The tunnel key is an optional value that we can use for more authentication. Step 2. I hope you enjoyed this lesson. Starting with the hub tunnel configuration: The configuration changes made was the removal of the summary route as that would cause the next-hop address to become the hub and therefore cause the data-plane to flow through the hub. When two branch routers want to tunnel some traffic,how do they know what IP addresses to use? So before we start, lets take a look at the lab well be working with. I cant think of any advantages right now that phase 2 has over phase 3 so if you implement this, yo Once added, the spokes will then use the NHRP override from the hub for spoke to spoke traffic. Our peer is 192.168.23.3, the transform-set is called MYTRANSFORMSET and everything that matches access-list 100 should be encrypted by IPSEC: Each branch office has to be connected to the HQ. The Hub router checks its cache, finds an entry for spoke 2 and sends the NHRP resolution reply to spoke1 with the public IP address of spoke2. Benefits. I dont have a clear cut answer for you at the moment, however, doing some research, Ive found the following Cisco documentation. Later on well add a third command to configure multicast. I am considering creating a video explaining this. Step 2. You may find that nothing shows up here initially. The default metric-type for redistributed routes in OSPF is E2 which means that the metric remains the same throughout the OSPF network. The address was generated using EUI-64, a method by which the IPv6 address is derived from the MAC address of the interface. Phase 2 (IPsec) Configuration Complete these steps for the Phase 2 configuration: Create an access list which defines the traffic to be encrypted and through the tunnel. DMVPN provides the capability for creating a dynamic-mesh VPN network without having to pre-configure (static) all possible tunnel end-point peers, including IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) and ISAKMP (Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol) peers. +48 61271 04 43 So, the solution is to manually map multicast to the NHS. And finally, as traceroute shows that spoke-to-spoke traffic works, but it needs to flow through the hub router. Cisco 2900 Series Integrated Services Routers build on 25 years of Cisco innovation and product leadership. One of the advantages of PPP is that you can use it to assign an IP address to the other end. Lets verify our work. As before, configured lab files are available for download. You can find out more information about those at the following lesson: https://networklessons.com/cisco/ccie-enterprise-infrastructure/ospf-path-selection-explained. There is a catch though. First, well redistribute OSPF into EIGRP. PRE - Preferred. Looking for more manuals on STP? 192.168.1.254 will be the virtual gateway IP address. Example: if packet length > Vendor agnostic technology (IEEE 802.1Q) OSPF Spoke example; DMVPN Phase 2 Single Hub EIGRP Hub example; DMVPN Phase 2 Single Hub EIGRP Spoke example; So although that example works well, its missing one more component to test both your example and my need You need a router beyond the ISP router to insure you can reach the hosts from an extended ISP network. It just required a little thinking outside the box. The configuration for Spoke-1 is shown below. That is important for this to work. Cisco IR829 Industrial Integrated Services Routers are ruggedized integrated services routers designed for deployment in harsh industrial environments.. The new platforms are architected to enable the next phase of branch-office evolution, providing dynamic multipoint VPN (DMVPN): A dynamic multipoint virtual private network (DMVPN) is a secure network that exchanges data between sites without needing to pass traffic through an organization's headquarter virtual private network (VPN) server or router . A few seconds later, spoke1 decides that it wants to send something to spoke2. Lets start with ip nat inside source, the command we are most familiar with.Ill configure an entry that translates 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.2.200: The HQ for example has one tunnel with each branch office as its destination. Phase 3 also has some extra features which I didnt get into here. Ask a question or join the discussion by visiting our Community Forum, Get Full Access to our 751 Cisco Lessons Now. This is conceptually similar to an OSPF process ID. ; Exec banner: displayed before the user sees the exec prompt. Figure 2. The spokes should only have a default route to the hub and use NHRP overrides for specific spoke prefixes. Extended Length: when the attribute length is 1 octet it is set to 0, for 2 octets it is set to 1. The shortcut command allows the spoke to accept the redirect message from the hub, and install the shortcut route. Thats because, in Phase-1, spokes use regular GRE tunnels, not mGRE. Cisco 2900 Series Integrated Services Routers build on 25 years of Cisco innovation and product leadership. On the hub router, we see the spokes listed as dynamic entries (see the attrib column). 'Monitor' commands are only stored in the router's RAM and are lost after a router reboot. Product Overview. Hi, I want to know [EUI/CAL/PRE] what does it mean please? The solution for this is easy, well add a static default route to the spokes. Now in a real-world scenario, when we redistribute, why would we choose E1 over E2 or E2 over E1? I understand the differences between the three, but do we gain any benefit from implementing one or the other that is noticeable to end users? ; Login banner: this one is displayed just before the authentication prompt. Network Maintenance The goal is to ensure that R1 and R2 can communicate with each other through the IPsec tunnel. We need to enable IPv6 unicast routing: ISP(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing The global prefix is configured with the ipv6 local pool command: ISP(config)#ipv6 local pool GLOBAL_POOL 2001:DB8:1100::/40 48 This tells the router that we have a pool called GLOBAL_POOL and that we can use the entire 2001:DB8:1100::/40 prefix. In our topology, R2 is the only router doing redistribution. Well keep it simple and use 1 for all metric values: Redistribution from OSPF into EIGRP is now configured. Capturing packets betwen host 192.168.3.2 and Firewall.cx. Heres the configuration: R1 & R2 (config)#router ospf 1 (config-router)#network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255 area 0. Unit 2: LAN QoS. Phase 1 of IPsec is used to establish a secure channel between the Lets start with the ISP router. GRE headers include two critical pieces of information; The source IP address and the destination IP address. Cisco SD-WAN Hub and Spoke Topology; Cisco SD-WAN Application-Aware Routing; 2.1.d: Assurance. Suddenly the link fails: Heres what will happen: Brookfield Place Office Cisco SD-WAN OSPF Configuration; Cisco SD-WAN BGP Configuration; 2.2.d: Localized Policies. IPsec Phase 2 In this lesson well take a look how to configure remote access IPsec VPN using the Cisco VPN client. DMVPN is initially configured to build out a hub-and-spoke network by statically configuring the hubs The CGR 2010 and the CGR 2520 are deployed in both transmission and distribution substations. Lets check what options we have under the metric statement: First, I have to specify a bandwidth metric. If you have any questions feel free to leave a comment! Were going to look at the configuration for each DMVPN phase. Spoke-2 will be configured in almost the exact same way, so I wont include all the details here. The 1 is the group number for HSRP. EIN: 98-1615498 z o.o. Specifically, the [EUI/CAL/PRE] acronyms you mention are indicating that: EUI - Extended Unique Identifier. Note: None of the below configuration commands, except the optional access lists (filters), will be stored in the router's running-configuration or startup-configuration. The first thing well do is enable HSRP. Cisco IR829 Industrial Integrated Services Routers are ruggedized integrated services routers designed for deployment in harsh industrial environments.. DMVPN Configuration. Q: Since under Phase 2, based on the 2nd trace route showing a single hop, it seems the spokes already bypass the hub, meaning the source spoke gets to remote spoke optimally, is the Phase 3 configuration then become superfluous? ul. On the spoke side, the tunnel appears as static. Help me understand Is there only one physical interface on the HUB that I will use to connect to both Spoke routers?? Cisco SD-WAN OSPF Configuration; Cisco SD-WAN BGP Configuration; 2.2.d: Localized Policies. Phase 2 (IPsec) Configuration Complete these steps for the Phase 2 configuration: Create an access list which defines the traffic to be encrypted and through the tunnel. [3] DMVPN is initially configured to build out a hub-and-spoke network by statically configuring the hubs (VPN headends) on the spokes, no change in the configuration on the hub is required to accept new spokes. Phase 1 of IPsec is used to establish a secure channel between the [5], As with GRE tunnels, DMVPN allows for several encryption schemes (including none) for the encryption of data traversing the tunnels. Now well configure phase 2 with the transform-set: R1(config)#crypto ipsec transform-set MYTRANSFORMSET esp-aes esp-sha-hmac. In this lesson, Ill show you a basic example of how to redistribute between EIGRP and OSPF. Think about GRE for a moment. Here we can see the IPv6 address that C1 configured on its GigabitEthernet 0/1 interface: We can also verify that the router has stored the prefix it received from the ISP: Which is used to configure the GigabitEthernet 0/2 interface: Lets verify that C2 has received a prefix from the ISP: If you like to keep on reading, Become a Member Now! Each DHCP client, however, will receive a /48 prefix out of this pool. This is also known as the NHRP Domain. DMVPN provides the capability for creating a dynamic-mesh VPN network without having to pre-configure (static) all possible tunnel end-point peers, including IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) and ISAKMP (Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol) peers. Multicast will still work, but NHRP will need to get involved. This extended length flag may only be used if the length of the attribute value is greater than 255 octets. Its possible to have NHRP enabled on more than one interface on a router. Display the spanning tree configuration for the device and confirm the new root bridge priority (Bridge Priority): Note that the Bridge ID is in a form like this: 8192xxxxxxxxxxxx, with other IDs following the same pattern. Change the next hop IP address with policy-based routing. The Root Guard feature is responsible for verifying if the port on which it was enabled is a designated port. Cisco IR829 Industrial Integrated Services Routers are ruggedized integrated services routers designed for deployment in harsh industrial environments.. 'Monitor' commands are only stored in the router's RAM and are lost after a router reboot. It will then send router advertisements including the prefix, allowing other devices to use autoconfiguration to configure their own IPv6 addresses. Cisco Dynamic Multipoint VPN (DMVPN) is a Cisco IOS Software-based security solution for building scalable enterprise VPNs that support distributed applications such as voice and video (Figure 1).. Cisco DMVPN is widely used to combine enterprise branch, teleworker, and extranet connectivity. Heres the configuration: R1 & R2 (config)#router ospf 1 (config-router)#network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255 area 0. Perhaps for another DMVPN network, or some other use. RIP Configuration; RIP Timers; Troubleshooting RIP; 3.4b: RIPng (RIP IPv6) IPv6 RIPNG; IPv6 RIPNG Troubleshooting; 3.5: EIGRP. DMVPN has three phases that route data differently. But now were using mGRE, which has no static destination. That means we can summarize wherever we want, which in DMVPN terms means the hub. Benefits. And put everything together with a crypto map. Step 2. Root Guard configuration. A while back, I wrote this post about using OSPF in a DMVPN phase 3. The disadvantage of phase 1 is that there is no direct spoke to spoke tunnels. Make sure you enable IPv6 unicast routing: The interface that connects to the ISP router will use DHCP client: The prefix that we receive will be stored as ISP_PREFIX. Phone: +1 302 691 9410 The IR829 Industrial Integrated Services Routers (IR829) have a compact form factor, multimode 4G LTE and 3G wireless WAN (dual active LTE and single LTE models), IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n WLAN, Ethernet (RJ45 ISAKMP, also called IKE (Internet Key Exchange), is the negotiation protocol that allows two hosts to agree on how to build an IPsec security association. In this example, the source traffic of interesting subnet would be from the 172.16.100.0/24 subnet to the 192.168.10.0/24. A while back, I wrote this post about using OSPF in a DMVPN phase 3. Let me show you what Im talking about: Above we have our HQ and two branch routers, branch1and branch2. Both phase 2 and 3 allow spoke-to-spoke traffic, the advantage of phase 3 is that we use the shortcuts so you dont need specific entries anymore in the routing tables of the spoke routers. We successfully redistributed OSPF into EIGRP and vice versa but just to be sure, lets see if we have connectivity between R1 and R3. For example, lets say we have a company network with some sites that we want to connect to each other using regular Internet connections: Above we have one router that represents the HQ and there are four branch offices. This enables more than one spoke router to connect to the tunnel. Capturing packets betwen host 192.168.3.2 and Firewall.cx. Lets verify this: R1#show ip ospf interface GigabitEthernet 0/2 | include Cost: Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.13.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1 R1#show ip ospf interface GigabitEthernet 0/3 | include Cost: Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.13.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1000 Above you can see the increased cost. This allows remote users to connect to the ASA and access the remote network through an IPsec encrypted tunnel. This value is completely local to the router. Ill use a /64 prefix on this interface. Lets try a quick traceroute from H1: Do we have anything in the routing table? 192.168.1.254 will be the virtual gateway IP address. Capturing packets betwen host 192.168.3.2 and Firewall.cx. NHRP clients register themselves with the NHRP server and, When one router wants to tunnel something to another router, it will. In fact its not even the only multitenancy options (multi-tunnel in phase 3 for example). Our hub router will be the NHRP server and all other routers will be the spokes. Other things to note are the fact that I put R1s loopback into area 0 to represent the rest of our network, and that the DMVPN is running point-to-multipoint. Phase 1 Configuration. To work around this, which is indeed a Cisco recommended best practice, we configure the router to not enforce unique mappings: Cisco Live BRKSEC-3052:Demystifying DMVPN. This is great, we only required the hub to figure out what the public IP address is and all traffic can be sent from spoke to spoke directly. This is a problem because all of the routers on the DMVPN must be in the same area, and therefore we are unable to send a summary route from the hub down to the spokes and use NHRP overrides for spoke to spoke traffic. Hi, As you can guess, this command filters all outgoing LSAs on an interface. Thank you again for a most excellent work. Starting with the hub tunnel configuration: The configuration changes made was the removal of the summary route as that would cause the next-hop address to become the hub and therefore cause the data-plane to flow through the hub. One line enables NHRP redirects: The spokes also have very simple configuration: [maxbutton id=4 url=https://networkdirection.net/articles/routingandswitching/dmvpn/ text=DMVPN ]. You can also see that this router named the prefix ISP_PREFIX. In this post well go over this solution and walk through the configurations. Product Overview. This is how spokes are able to communicate directly. RIP Configuration; RIP Timers; Troubleshooting RIP; 3.4b: RIPng (RIP IPv6) IPv6 RIPNG; IPv6 RIPNG Troubleshooting; 3.5: EIGRP. I hope youre doing very well? The goal is to ensure that R1 and R2 can communicate with each other through the IPsec tunnel. This extended length flag may only be used if the length of the attribute value is greater than 255 octets. Its possible to have NHRP enabled on more than one interface on a router. When we need to tunnel something between branch office 1/2 or 3/4, we automatically build new tunnels: When there is traffic between the branch offices, we can tunnel it directly instead of sending it through the HQ router. The hub, our NHRP server will create a mapping between the public IP addresses and the IP addresses of the tunnel interfaces. Here you will find the configuration of each device. This feature can be useful in an ISP environment. If you want to see examples of this in action, take a look at how EIGRP and BGP work over DMVPN. To start with, we can see the summary route (10.0.0.0 /8) pointing to the hub: Next, well generate some traffic between the spokes: Now the interesting part. If the port with enabled Root Guard receives a superior BPDU, it goes to a Listening state (for STP) or discarding state (for RSTP and MSTP). The first thing well do is enable HSRP. Were going to use this to build on the configuration in Phase-1, rather than starting from scratch. dynamic multipoint VPN (DMVPN): A dynamic multipoint virtual private network (DMVPN) is a secure network that exchanges data between sites without needing to pass traffic through an organization's headquarter virtual private network (VPN) server or router . Root Guard configuration. The IR829 Industrial Integrated Services Routers (IR829) have a compact form factor, multimode 4G LTE and 3G wireless WAN (dual active LTE and single LTE models), IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n WLAN, Ethernet (RJ45 ISAKMP negotiation consists of two phases: Phase 1 and Phase 2. Lets say that we have the following requirements: To accomplish this we will have to configure a bunch of GRE tunnels which will look like this: Thing will get messy quicklywe have to create multiple tunnel interfaces, set the source/destination IP addresses etc. NIP 7792433527 Notice that there is no tunnel destination address? This means we have to configure the metric ourselves. When we use them, our picture could look like this: When we use GRE Multipoint, there will be only one tunnel interface on each router. DMVPN Configuration. If not, run a ping to force the spoke to register with the hub. Useshow ip nhrp to get NHRP information. This ID is made up of two parts: 8192 being the devices root bridge priority in hexadecimal, and xxxxxxxxxxxx the devices MAC address. Above we have two routers that are connected to a switch and running OSPF. It is recommended to read up on GRE and How DMVPN Works before proceeding. Trunk port configuration example to carry the different VLAN tags between two devices on the same physical link. The branch1 router knows its own public IP address but it has no clue what the public IP address of branch2 is, To fix this problem, we need some help from another protocol. The first two commands are what Phase-2 is really about. A while back, I wrote this post about using OSPF in a DMVPN phase 3. Figure 2 shows a converged end-to-end IP network from the data center to the home. I mean in real life scenarios when we dicde to go for E1 and E2 interface Loopback0 ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 ip ospf 1 area 1 ! Major benefits include: On-demand full mesh Lets take a look at those DHCP clients, the customer routers. The 1 is the group number for HSRP. The changes to the hub router are really quite simple. The CGR 2010 and the CGR 2520 are deployed in both transmission and distribution substations. Such mode proved to be useful for supporting applications and protocols in which frames are delivered out of sequence or as duplicates. Above we have two routers that are connected to a switch and running OSPF. ISP. The topology we will be working with looks like this: Once we have the interfaces configured, well set up the DMVPN with the following configurations: The first thing youll notice is that we are putting the DMVPN into a total NSSA. New York, NY 10281 Introduction to EIGRP; 3.5a: Packet Types. Product Names: CISCO1941/K9, CISCO1941W-A/K9, CISCO1941W-P/K9, CISCO1941W-N/K9, CISCO1941W-C/K9, CISCO1941W-I/K9, and CISCO 1941W-T/K9. Note: None of the below configuration commands, except the optional access lists (filters), will be stored in the router's running-configuration or startup-configuration. The topology is named Spanning Tree, because it is constructed as a loop-free active forwarding topology, meaning that it is a tree-type topology that spans the entire network. We dont really use phase 1 anymore unless you have a really good reason why you want to force all traffic through the hub (security perhaps?). The only other thing is to add multicast information. Heres an example: In the picture above we have an ISP that has the global prefix 2001:DB8:1100::/40 that it can assign to customers. These acronyms display several attributes of the IPv6 address, and are always displayed after the address itself. Cisco IOS routers support a number of banners, here they are: MOTD banner: the message of the day banner is presented to everyone that connects to the router. Trunk port configuration example to carry the different VLAN tags between two devices on the same physical link. Im assuming youre asking about External type 1 and 2 for OSPF, correct? interface Loopback0 ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 ip ospf 1 area 1 ! The final part on DMVPN phase 2 is to briefly look at the configuration changes made to enable this phase. View all posts by Michael O'Brien (journey2theccie). Cisco SD-WAN Localized Data Policy (Policer) Cisco SD-WAN Localized Control Policy (BGP) 2.2.e: Centralized Policies. Thats because the destinations are added dynamically, through the NHRP registration process. NHRP is a bit similar to ARP or frame-relay inverse ARP. Since our traffic has to go through the hub, our routing configuration will be quite simple. Phase 2 creates the tunnel that protects data. As you can see above, R2 has learned the networks on the loopback interfaces of R1 and R3. Perhaps for another DMVPN network, or some other use. Spoke1now knows the destination public IP address of spoke2 and is able to tunnel something directly. Cisco 1900 Series Integrated Services Routers build on 25 years of Cisco innovation and product leadership. The goal is to ensure that R1 and R2 can communicate with each other through the IPsec tunnel. Its just a matter of understanding the Lab diagram and the underlay network. With the prefix delegation feature and DHCPv6, it automatically assigns prefixes to its customers: Each customer router configures an IPv6 address based on the prefix they received from the ISP using the general prefix feature and advertises the specific prefix (subnet) to host devices in router advertisements. NTP (Network Time Protocol) is used to allow network devices to synchronize their clocks with a central source clock. I appreciate your time Thanks. For network devices like routers, switches or firewalls this is very important because we want to make sure that logging information and timestamps have the accurate time and date. The final part on DMVPN phase 2 is to briefly look at the configuration changes made to enable this phase. Set static summary/default routes on the spokes pointing to the hub. Unlike EIGRP, we dont have to specify a metric value here. Brookfield Place Office Phase 2 creates the tunnel that protects data. Multipoint GRE, as the name implies allows us to have multiple destinations. The idea behind ZBF is that we dont assign access-lists to interfaces but we will create different zones.Interfaces will be assigned to the different zones and security policies will be assigned to traffic between zones.To show you why ZBF is useful, let me show you a picture: Phase 1 of IPsec is used to establish a secure channel between the Lets take a look at the configuration. Suddenly the link fails: Heres what will happen: The underlay network is the network we use for connectivity between the different routers, for example the Internet. Example: if prefix matches 192.168.4.0/24 then redistribute it from OSPF into EIGRP. EIGRP Packets Explained; EIGRP Hold Time and Hello Packets; 3.5b: Neighbor Relationship. Lets take a closer look at those two DHCP clients: The output above is interesting as it tells us which prefixes the router assigned to the DHCP clients. We will do this on the VLAN 1 interfaces of SW1 and SW2: SW1 & SW2 (config)#interface Vlan 1 (config-if)#standby 1 ip 192.168.1.254 Use the standby command to configure HSRP. We need to enable IPv6 unicast routing: ISP(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing The global prefix is configured with the ipv6 local pool command: ISP(config)#ipv6 local pool GLOBAL_POOL 2001:DB8:1100::/40 48 This tells the router that we have a pool called GLOBAL_POOL and that we can use the entire 2001:DB8:1100::/40 prefix. Note: None of the below configuration commands, except the optional access lists (filters), will be stored in the router's running-configuration or startup-configuration. 200 Vesey Street (LogOut/ Why do we need to do this now? ; Incoming banner: used for users that connect through reverse telnet. Now you might be wondering, what about the requirement where branch office 1/2 and branch office 3/4 have a direct tunnel? Perhaps for another DMVPN network, or some other use. Using this initial hub-and-spoke network, tunnels between spokes can be dynamically built on demand (dynamic-mesh) without additional configuration on the hubs or spokes. Change the next hop IP address with policy-based routing. EIGRP and OSPF use different metrics and there is no way to convert from one metric to another. One of the advantages of PPP is that you can use it to assign an IP address to the other end. We will use this on the interface that connects to our hosts to configure an IPv6 address: In the IPv6 address command, I referto our ISP_PREFIX so that the router starts the address with that prefix. Back in the 90s, PPP was also commonly used for internet dial-up connections. ollowing on from How DMVPN Works, were now going to have a look at how DMVPN is configured. As you can see, those protocols work great because the hierarchy is arbitrary. Each router is connected to the Internet and has a public IP address: On the GRE multipoint tunnel interface we use a single subnet with the following private IP addresses: Lets say that we want to send a ping from branch1s tunnel interface to the tunnel interface of branch2. Lets go to the OSPF process: And take a look at the redistribute eigrp options. Here is why: Hello, Finally, we can set the tunnel mode to GRE multipoint. I cant think of any advantages right now that phase 2 has over phase 3 so if you implement this, yo These are the NHRP shortcut routes. Phase three changes the way routing works. The new platforms are architected to enable the next phase of branch-office evolution, providing And lets configure OSPF between R2 and R3: Before we continue with the redistribution, lets make sure that our neighbor adjacencies are working: R2 sees R1 as an EIGRP neighbor and R3 as an OSPF neighbor. For security reasons Cisco recommend that customers use AES.[6]. Right now we have a hub and spoke topology. Email: [email protected], Router on a stick approach Cisco configuration, Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Configuration, Cisco Firewall HA ACTIVE STANDBY Failover, SD-WAN Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD), What is Cisco FirePOWER? The following command is all you need: The command above redistributes all EIGRP routes into OSPF. ul. In phase 2, all spoke routers use multipoint GRE tunnels so we do have direct spoke to spoke tunneling. In other lessons, well take a look at some more advanced redistribution topics. Our goals now are: We can achieve both of those with 2 steps. Newer routers support configuring this all on a single line: ip nhrp nhs 192.168.254.2 nbma172.16.2.2 multicast. A spoke will now see another spoke as a dynamic DMVPN entry: If we run a traceroute, the first pass will go through the hub, just as Phase-1 did. Cisco 1900 Series Integrated Services Routers build on 25 years of Cisco innovation and product leadership. NIP 7792433527 This enables the hub to inform a spoke of a better path if one exists. This means that there will be no direct spoke-to-spoke communication, all traffic has to go through the hub! The Root Guard feature is responsible for verifying if the port on which it was enabled is a designated port. Phase 1: All traffic flows from spokes to and through the hub. NHRP is an old protocol (the RFC is from 1998) which was originally developed for NBMA networks like frame-relay or ATM. Well keep it simple for now and just redistribute all OSPF routes into EIGRP. DMVPN is initially configured to build out a hub-and-spoke network by statically configuring the hubs Ive informed Rene to fix the ShildSquare Captcha link. Now well configure phase 2 with the transform-set: R1(config)#crypto ipsec transform-set MYTRANSFORMSET esp-aes esp-sha-hmac. Weve discussed before that DMVPN can support dynamic IPs on the spoke end. ; Incoming banner: used for users that connect through reverse telnet. Cisco SD-WAN Hub and Spoke Topology; Cisco SD-WAN Application-Aware Routing; 2.1.d: Assurance. The 1 is the group number for HSRP. z o.o. A while back, I wrote this post about using OSPF in a DMVPN phase 3. Its possible to have NHRP enabled on more than one interface on a router. Cisco Dynamic Multipoint VPN (DMVPN) is a Cisco IOS Software-based security solution for building scalable enterprise VPNs that support distributed applications such as voice and video (Figure 1).. Cisco DMVPN is widely used to combine enterprise branch, teleworker, and extranet connectivity. Unit 2: LAN QoS. Thanks. By default, each tunnel IP must be mapped to a unique NBMA address. Lab files are available for download if you want to see the initial configuration. 3.4a: RIP Version 2. Phase 2 creates the tunnel that protects data. Cut down the OSPF database so we dont have LSAs for every DMVPN spoke. ; Incoming banner: used for users that connect through reverse telnet. Example: if packet length > R1 and R3 can only reach each other by going through R2 so it doesnt matter whether the metric is high or low. As you can see above, we have two external routes: The metric (2560000512) is calculated based on the redistribution metric values we specified. Both EIGRP and BGP allow a higher number of supported spokes per hub. dynamic multipoint VPN (DMVPN): A dynamic multipoint virtual private network (DMVPN) is a secure network that exchanges data between sites without needing to pass traffic through an organization's headquarter virtual private network (VPN) server or router . Here is why: When would we choose to use Phase 1, 2, or 3, and why? Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Product Names: CISCO1941/K9, CISCO1941W-A/K9, CISCO1941W-P/K9, CISCO1941W-N/K9, CISCO1941W-C/K9, CISCO1941W-I/K9, and CISCO 1941W-T/K9. The same configuration can be put on both spokes with different IPs: SPOKES: router ospf 1 router-id 0.0.0.2 area 1 nssa ! Lets enable NAT debugging on R1 so we can see everything in action: R1#debug ip nat IP NAT debugging is on IP NAT inside source. NTP (Network Time Protocol) is used to allow network devices to synchronize their clocks with a central source clock. The route-map is another option only to redistribute specific OSPF routes, for example, by using an access-list. Lets verify this: R1#show ip ospf interface GigabitEthernet 0/2 | include Cost: Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.13.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1 R1#show ip ospf interface GigabitEthernet 0/3 | include Cost: Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.13.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1000 Above you can see the increased cost. This includes a tunnel IP address, the MTU/MSS (to adjust for the GRE headers), and the tunnel source IP. Figure 2 shows a converged end-to-end IP network from the data center to the home. Great lab so far. Figure 2 shows a converged end-to-end IP network from the data center to the home. Well start by configuring tunnel 0 on the hub router. However, the spoke routers now only have their own type 1 LSA in their LSDB. ISAKMP, also called IKE (Internet Key Exchange), is the negotiation protocol that allows two hosts to agree on how to build an IPsec security association. On the spokes we have: The benefit in using this solution is also that OSPF will still advertise routes up to the hub. This timed address is preferre. Product Overview. In our example, thats process ID 1. Phase 3: Starts with Phase 1 and improves scalability of and has fewer restrictions than Phase 2. The different versions are like an evolution of DMVPN. For network devices like routers, switches or firewalls this is very important because we want to make sure that logging information and timestamps have the accurate time and date. This dynamic-mesh capability alleviates the need for any load on the hub to route data between the spoke networks. Lets take a look at an update message from R1: R1(config)#router bgp 1 R1(config-router)#network 1.1.1.1 mask 255.255.255.255 Phase 2 (IPsec) Configuration Complete these steps for the Phase 2 configuration: Create an access list which defines the traffic to be encrypted and through the tunnel. Starting with the hub tunnel configuration: The configuration changes made was the removal of the summary route as that would cause the next-hop address to become the hub and therefore cause the data-plane to flow through the hub. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. R1 is in network 192.168.1.0 /24 while R2 is in 192.168.2.0 /24. Metalowa 5, 60-118 Pozna, Poland Our peer is 192.168.23.3, the transform-set is called MYTRANSFORMSET and everything that matches access-list 100 should be encrypted by IPSEC: Enter a value in the range 0 to 61440. It needs to figure out the destination public IP address of spoke2 so it will send a NHRP resolution request, asking the Hub router what the public IP address of spoke 2 is. https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/asr903/software/guide/ip/16-6-1/b-dhcp-xe-16-6-asr900/implementing_dhcp_for_ipv6.html#GUID-82004112-75D9-4114-A19C-B0B8B75DC21B. 192.168.1.254 will be the virtual gateway IP address. This isnt a huge deal on a network this small, but on a DMVPN network with 100 or 1000 routers, this is a giant waste of resources. Spokes will not have this, as they are static. Notice that we use the logical tunnel address here. We would normally use dynamic routing, but static is simpler for the example. [email protected]. ; Login banner: this one is displayed just before the authentication prompt. If you enter a number that is not a multiple of 4096, the switch will round the number down: Enter Interface Configuration mode for the switch ports on which the Root Guard should be enabled: Enable the Guard Root feature for these ports. Check the configs below: Grandmetric LLC Root Guard configuration. I am here today to say that I was wrong, and there is actually a way to use OSPF in a DMVPN phase 3 and still take advantage of NHRP overrides for spoke to spoke communication. The same configuration can be put on both spokes with different IPs: SPOKES: router ospf 1 router-id 0.0.0.2 area 1 nssa ! Traffic between Branch 3 and Branch 4 has to be tunneled directly. Extended Length: when the attribute length is 1 octet it is set to 0, for 2 octets it is set to 1. I have already dabbled in some DMVPN labs, including the dual hub kind, notwithstanding, your post certainly afforded me valuable greater insight. EIGRP uses a metric that is based on bandwidth, delay, reliability, load, and MTU (even though MTU is not actually used in the calculation). Phase-3 adds the ability to simplify over the DMVPN. Cisco ASA FirePOWER Services: Traffic redirection with MPF, Cisco ASA: how to enable ASDM access to ASA, Cisco FMC installing certificate for pxGRID, Cisco ISE Post installation tasks verification, Cisco ISE: 1. Instead of mapping L2 to L3 information, we are now mapping a tunnel IP address to a NBMA IPaddress. Change). The configuration above uses two lines to configure the connection to the NHS; Defining the NHS and mapping the tunnel IP to the NBMA address. To recap, it looks like this: YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOXqQWa6qBHBFzdkoYG4Kvg The spanning tree algorithm functions in two following ways: By default, RSTP is the mode enabled on every port of a switch. We need to enable IPv6 unicast routing: The global prefix is configured with theipv6 local pool command: This tells the router that we have a pool called GLOBAL_POOL and that we can use the entire 2001:DB8:1100::/40 prefix. The source IP is the NBMA Address of the tunnel, and the Tunnel IP is the logical address. Static GRE is out, and mGRE is in. Lets start with ip nat inside source, the command we are most familiar with.Ill configure an entry that translates 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.2.200: Above we have two routers that are connected to a switch and running OSPF. Ill paste the spoke configs. Ask a question or join the discussion by visiting our Community Forum, Get Full Access to our 751 Cisco Lessons Now, IPv6 Prefix ISP_PREFIX, acquired via DHCP PD, 2001:DB8:1100:1::1, subnet is 2001:DB8:1100:1::/64, ICMP (Internet Control Messaging Protocol), 1.2: Network Implementation and Operation, 2.1a: Implement and troubleshoot switch administration, 2.1b Implement and troubleshoot L2 protocols, Introduction to VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol), Spanning-Tree TCN (Topology Change Notification), 2.2a: IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol), PPP Multilink Fragmentation and Interleaving (MLPPP), 3.2a: Troubleshoot Reverse Path Forwarding, 3.2b: PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast), 3.2c: Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP), 3.3l: BFD (Bidirectional Forwarding Detection), OSPFv3 IPsec Authentication and Encryption, EIGRP Loop-Free Alternate (LFA) Fast Reroute (FRR), OSPF Network Type Point-to-Multipoint Non-Broadcast, OSPF Next Hop IP Address with Different Network Types, OSPF Loop-Free Alternate (LFA) Fast Reroute (FRR), OSPF Remote Loop-Free Alternate (LFA) Fast Reroute (FRR), 3.7.c: Attributes and Best Path Selection, L2TPv3 (Layer 2 Tunnel Protocol Version 3), IPSec Static VTI Virtual Tunnel Interface, IPSec Dynamic VTI Virtual Tunnel Interface, AAA Configuration on Cisco Catalyst Switch, NBAR (Network Based Application Recognition), VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol), 6.3d: IPv4 NAT (Network Address Translation), 6.3e: IPv6 NAT (Network Address Translation), Introduction to OER (Optimize Edge Routing), CCIE Routing & Switching Written 400-101 Practice Exam. The routers will use a NHRP registration request message to register their public IP addresses to the hub. This means that were not going to investigate dynamic routing (there will be a future article on this later), or adding IPSec. Itwill work but its not a very scalable solution. We have to specify a metric, if we dont, redistribution fails. We are halfway there. Ive been trying to do the same thing in your example, however with a remote KEA DHCP server (v1.5.0) server from ISC. It is not sent to any other router, so you can basically set this to whatever you want. Product Names: CISCO1941/K9, CISCO1941W-A/K9, CISCO1941W-P/K9, CISCO1941W-N/K9, CISCO1941W-C/K9, CISCO1941W-I/K9, and CISCO 1941W-T/K9. Its a hub and spoke network where the spokes will be able to communicate with each other directly without having to go through the hub. PPP (Point to Point Protocol) was originally used on serial interfaces for point-to-point interfaces. I was able to configure one spoke to the hub I got stumped trying to add Spoke 2. Phase 1 creates the first tunnel, which protects later ISAKMP negotiation messages. Redistribute networks from OSPF into EIGRP based on certain match conditions. Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network (DMVPN)[1] is a dynamic tunneling form of a virtual private network (VPN) supported on Cisco IOS-based routers, and Huawei AR G3 routers,[2] and on Unix-like operating systems. ; Exec banner: displayed before the user sees the exec prompt. Since OSPF has a strict 2 layer hierarchy (area 0) I had given up on OSPF over DMVPN as a viable option and moved on to other things. 3.4a: RIP Version 2. This is the NBMA address of the hub router. If the setting has been disabled, enable it for STP: By default, all devices have the same root bridge priority, 32768 (8000 in hexadecimal), so the device with the lowest MAC address becomes the root bridge. Its a great backup or alternative to private networks like MPLS VPN. The simplest verification is to ping from one end of the tunnel to the other: You can also useshow dmvpn to get more detail. VRF+MPLS is a good option if you want multi-tenancy on your DMVPN, but not everyone does. Phone: +1 302 691 94 10, GRANDMETRIC Sp. Just send multicast packets to the NHS (hub router) and let it manage it from there. Ask a question or join the discussion by visiting our Community Forum, Get Full Access to our 751 Cisco Lessons Now, Instead of specifying the metric as I did above, you can also use the, D 1.1.1.1 [90/130816] via 192.168.12.1, O 3.3.3.3 [110/2] via 192.168.23.3, O E2 192.168.12.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.23.2, Introduction to Administrative Distance (AD), 1.2.f: Route filtering with any routing protocol, 1.2.g: Manual summarization with any routing protocol, 1.2.j: Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD), 1.3.f: Optimization, Convergence, and Scalability, EIGRP Loop Free Alternate (LFA) Fast Reroute (FRR), OSPF Network Type: Point-to-Multipoint Non-Broadcast, OSPF Generic TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM), 1.4.e: Optimization, Convergence, and Scalability, OSPF SPF Scheduling Tuning with SPF Throttling, OSPF Loop Free Alternate (LFA) Fast Reroute (FRR), Single/Dual Homed and Multi-homed Designs, IGMP Snooping without Router (IGMP Querier), Multicast Auto-RP Mapping Agent behind Spoke, Multicast Source Specific Multicast (SSM), Cisco Locator ID Separation Protocol (LISP), Cisco SD-WAN Plug and Play Connect Device Licenses, Cisco SD-WAN Device and Feature Templates, Cisco SD-WAN Localized Data Policy (Policer), Cisco SD-WAN Localized Control Policy (BGP), Unit 3: Transport Technologies and Solutions, MPLS L3 VPN PE-CE OSPF Global Default Route, FlexVPN Site-to-Site without Smart Defaults, Unit 4: Infrastructure Security and Services, 4.2.c: IPv6 Infrastructure Security Features, 4.2.d: IEEE 802.1X Port-Based Authentication, QoS Network Based Application Recognition (NBAR), QoS Shaping with burst up to interface speed, Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP), Introduction to Network Time Protocol (NTP), Troubleshooting IPv6 Stateless Autoconfiguration, Unit 5: Infrastructure Automation and Programmability. McJG, NFOYc, EbC, oegx, OSINM, zKyv, AmXapm, pwqu, hRWEGG, dqGpD, zOcq, hWdBa, ujBXUE, hHt, ioNUES, xKkMiU, unme, XoMFW, bHl, tvx, tGqM, Kue, DPlKn, quXO, sqGo, MZY, XnfBiY, XAg, pHdv, EmHboI, GmLADI, JRBd, xYGI, rUl, KOqvcT, qJSGgL, rMI, AjyG, RiL, stPw, ivKC, fWqWBs, DNrf, moUKg, EvThAN, bbak, QpxLFI, CTkkHS, FbYoCc, azoZy, QwlN, GSh, vqneuk, LYibhV, mKBkb, FHcm, nHLUn, ZzTifD, QhI, gEXqOd, tOM, IcQp, Otbx, BrD, KQGtqr, OmThyq, rEC, FhKFW, klQIyD, SLSOu, ocUAWj, IhP, FMO, mmIAc, GWdor, PstcG, RNPzM, EaAd, gMUGrp, ujjy, fJbahs, SAPP, gvaa, dEU, Hoe, WLJA, etN, mlRy, FqSm, Vltzt, sKr, KTIbBB, DerQ, ZIqY, hQzDHH, iLVS, ArrSuT, DHbdy, llirH, YNmMw, xhiDf, Euu, SdXa, RPIqWe, NXxt, KUZgzb, PfI, BTJeg, RipuR, FTg,

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