Tungsten filaments doped with approximately 0.05 percent each of alumina, silica, and potassium oxide exhibit nonsagging behaviour and are used in incandescent lamps. 91. The green, or unfired, density of these compacts, obtained from powder particle sizes ranging from 1 to 10 micrometres, is usually 65 to 75 percent of the theoretical. Tungsten oxide can be roasted in a hydrogen atmosphere to create pure tungsten powder with water as a by-product. A swager is a device which reduces the diameter of a rod by passing it through a die which is designed to hammer the rod at about 10,000 blows per minute. with intricate shapes and profiles that are difficult to machine using conventional Instead, the Wolfmet team carries out a powder metallurgy process which plays a significant role in the quality of the finished product. Tungsten manufacturing is a challenging process. Cleaned Tungsten Wire, This is a mini-website professionally introducing tungsten target offered by Chinatungsten Online In order to enable the use of tungsten for those more demanding geometries and thus to increase the efficiency and longevity of the components, Bayerische Metallwerke GmbH, which belongs to the Traunstein-based Gesellschaft fr Wolfram Industrie mbH, has developed a new manufacturing process for the tungsten alloys WNiFe and WNiCu and patented . Tungsten Wire Manufacturing Process Making tungsten wire is a complex, difficult process. The results show that after HIP, the tungsten alloy samples obtained . The current is gradually increased to raise the temperature from room temperature to 2,7003,100 C (4,9005,600 F). In this context, several aspects are highlighted: The influence of the raw powder material characteristics on the resulting W part quality is briefly discussed, examples for complexly shaped additively manufactured W lattice structure samples . Email: [email protected] [email protected] Midwest Tungsten Service, 540 Executive Drive, Willowbrook, IL 60527, 2022 Midwest Tungsten Service | eCommerce Web Design by efelle creative, Engraved Cubes, Element Sets, & Corporate Gifts, Corporate Gifts & Custom Engraved Products. Tungsten powder is the starting point for tungsten mill products, including wire. The result: tungsten oxide. Therefore, it is typically alloyed with copper, nickel, and iron to form tungsten-heavy alloys (WHA). You can be confident that wire from MTS has been consistently manufactured to the highest standards and will perform consistently well. This can eliminate phosphorus and arsenic and reduce silica to a level of 0.030.06 percent. Tungsten oxide can be manufactured in several different ways. Updates? In terms of the design process, the combination of hardness, toughness, and carbide content show a complex interdependency, where a 40% reduction in the average hardness and 60% reduction in carbide content had a more dominating effect on the contact fatigue resistance when compared with an order of magnitude improvement in the impact toughness . The high temperature begins to consolidate the material together. But it was not until 1908, when William David Coolidge obtained his British patent for producing ductile tungsten wire, that the filament industry began. Tungsten carbides are divided into two categories. You can be confident that wire . Midwest Tungsten regularly receives requests for more information about tungsten mining, refining, and pricing. At higher temperaturesi.e., from 800 C up to the final sintering temperature of 2,400 C (4,350 F)the heating rate also should be controlled, since too fast a temperature buildup within the billet would cause thermal stresses and would result in the cracking of the material. Package the tungsten target product after testing by ultrasonic or X-rays and other methods. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In Russia, mines are located in the northern Caucasus and around Lake Baikal. One project of particular importance is the Korea . The heating elements of the furnace are constructed of molybdenum strips and supported by molybdenum or tungsten frames, and they are surrounded by molybdenum heat shields. A molded workpiece (or "blank") can be formed by applying a molding pressure of 10-80 ksi (kilopounds per square foot) to the powder loaded into the cavity. The cutting and shaping of a tungsten ring is similar in many ways to the cutting and polishing of a rough diamond. The process of PIM is quite mature and has developed standards. Most refractory metal are produced by means of powder metallurgy. Global and Regional Tungsten Halogen and Gas Filled Lamps Market Competition by Manufacturers 6. The furnace is tilted at a small angle and rotated to provide a continuous flow of powder through the central holes of the partitions. Check out our online wire selection! Ammonium tungstate and other compounds are used as catalysts in the petroleum industry for hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and polymerization. Tungsten Target Manufacturing Process. The mold is taken apart and the bar removed. This process called sintering creates the hardest metal alloy used in making jewelry. Creative solutions to seemingly simple problems often lead to new innovations, Largest grinding facility is the largest in the United States, Delivering clean, precision products is critical to our Quality Commitments, Ensuring compliance with our customer specifications involves no less than seven steps in the verification Process, Inspecting products takes time and extreme attention to details. With an acknowledged reputation as one of the worlds most experienced tungsten specialists, Wolfmet manufactures tungsten alloy components to the highest specifications and quality standards. Thanks to tungsten target's own advantage, it has been widely used in the aviation, the electronic information industry, medical and smelting equipment and other fields required coating. The exact reductions in diameter depends on the exact chemistry and the final use of the wire. The most important mines are in the Nan Mountains in the Kiangsi, Hunan, and Kwangtung provinces of China, which possesses about 50 percent of the worlds reserves. In one method, the tungsten oxide is mixed with graphite (carbon). About 90 percent of South Koreas tungsten is at Sang Dong. Tungsten also has found wide application as an alloying element for tool steels and wear-resistant alloys. A spring attachment to the water-cooled clips holding each bar is necessary so that one end is free to move as the bar shrinks during sintering. To develop a process for manufacturing cast tungsten carbide spheres, without any content of spattering material, as solid spheres with a bulk weight of 0.5-11.5 g/cm 3 for cast tungsten carbide spheres from a screen fraction, and with a granular distribution of 40 m to 2,000 m, tungsten carbide is heated to about 150-300 C . Carbides are made by blending micron-sized tungsten carbide particles with Cobalt (or Nickel) powders. Cutting corners early in the process to reduce wire prices can result in poor performance of the finished product. During the countercurrent flow of the extractant through the solution, tungstate ions transfer from the aqueous phase to the organic phase. The fragile bar is placed into a refractory metal boat and loaded into a furnace with a hydrogen atmosphere. 14.80. 1. 1700. In 1781 another Swede, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, analyzed the mineral and identified lime and an acid that he called tungstic acid; the mineral was later named scheelite. Tungsten is an important addition to tool steels, superalloys, and refractory alloys. To find out more, contact us today. With an acknowledged reputation as one of the world's most experienced tungsten specialists, Wolfmet manufactures tungsten alloy components to the highest specifications and quality standards. The solution is clarified through pressure filters and evaporated to obtain APT crystals. When heated in the range of 9001,050 C (1,6501,925 F), the brown oxide is formed. We can offer to supply Tungsten Carbide solutions to suit your need. Major minerals of tungsten are essentially of two categories. Our processes are ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 accredited, while for aerospace applications they are also AS9100 approved. The resultant slurry, containing tungsten in the form of a solid tungstic acid, is diluted and allowed to settle. In the latter process, the ground ore is maintained for 11/2 to 4 hours in a solution of 1018 percent sodium carbonate at temperatures of 190 to 230 C (375 to 445 F) and under a pressure of 14.124.6 kilograms per square centimetre (200350 pounds per square inch). There are many processes involved in producing our Tungsten Carbide components and products. Tungsten Halogen and Gas Filled Lamps Market Value [USD], Capacity, Supply (Production), Consumption, Price, Export-Import (EXIM), by . After being presintered at 1,0001,200 C (1,8002,200 F), tungsten bars of small diameter are sintered in a hydrogen atmosphere, with heat being provided by the direct-resistance methodthat is, by an electric current passed through the bar. In the present paper, recent progress regarding additive manufacturing (AM) of pure tungsten (W) by means of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is discussed. The steps to produce uniform and extremely precise fragments is no small feat! Three Separate Heat Treatment Processes Required to Produce High-Density Tungsten Alloy Products: Our metallurgical process begins with raw materials, a blend of tungsten and other metal powders. Tungsten-containing high-speed tool steel came to public attention when the Bethlehem Steel Company exhibited its products at the Exposition Universelle of 1900 in Paris. and has advanced manufacturing equipment and resources, including laser cutting machines . Wolfmet tungsten alloys can be used in a variety of applications including radiation shielding, balancing, ballast and anti-vibration devices. In 1783 the Spanish chemists Juan Jos and Fausto Elhuyar obtained metallic tungsten by the reduction of its oxide with carbon; it was named wolfram (hence its chemical symbol, W) for the mineral wolframite, from which it was extracted. To find out more, click download or contact us today. K10. The Manufacturing Process. When APT is decomposed to tungsten oxides, it displays different colours according to its composition: the trioxide is yellow, the dioxide is brown, and the intermediate oxide is purple-blue. Swaging continues until the rod is between .25 and .10 inches. The ore is crushed, heated and treated with chemicals. Tungsten is a refractory metal that has a wide range of applications in many fields. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This is a simplification of a complex, tightly-controlled process. Then, the fine particles of tungsten oxide are carburized, turning them into tungsten carbide. Harder but more brittle than the cemented carbide, it is used in wear-resisting applications such as anvils, guide sleeves in machines, and teeth and jaws for excavators. Sign up to see our newest products and exclusive offers! For customers that prefer to carry out their own machining, Wolfmet tungsten alloy can be supplied as bars or blanks in rough condition, with a machining allowance of at least 3mm on all dimensions. Tungsten also acts as a filler between successive metal layers known as the tungsten plug process. Ensuring compliance with our customer specifications involves no less than seven steps in the verification Process; Inspecting products takes time and extreme attention to details; Contact . Tungsten Heavy Alloys (WHA) Tungsten is a refractory metal with the highest melting point of 3422 C (6192 F) which is the highest among all metals and second highest among all elements (only carbon has a higher melting temperature). Cleaning and drying. This process called sintering creates the hardest metal used for making jewelry. The second is scheelite (CaWO4), which fluoresces a bright bluish colour under ultraviolet light. Looking to purchase tungsten wire? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. . Then by milling, planning, grinding and other machining processes. Excellent wear resistance: suitable for semi-finishing of cast iron and light alloy, milling blades for cast iron and low alloy, small and medium-sized drawing dies, woodworking cutting toools, wear-resistant parts, long slices, round rods, sealing rings, etc. The exact process varies by manufacturer and ore composition, but ores are crushed then roasted and/or sent through a variety of chemical reactions, precipitations, and washings to obtain ammonium paratungstate (APT). The remaining sodium tungstate solution can be further purified by a liquid ion-exchange process, using an organic extractant consisting of 7 percent alamine-336, 7 percent decanol, and 86 percent kerosene. By forging, hot or cold rolling, then heat-treating to eliminate stress profiles and make it homogenizing or by high temperature sintering to increase its density. Bar is loaded into a special water-cooled treating bottle. Due to its unique properties, machining pure tungsten poses a significant manufacturing challenge. Flotation separation is used for scheelite that has been ground to a fine size to liberate the tungsten; this is further supplemented by leaching, roasting, and magnetic or high-tension separation when required. . Tungsten ring is then cut and shaped using diamond tools with approximately 30 steps required for completion. CaWO4 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + H2WO4. Swaged wire of about .10 inches can now be drawn through dies to reduce the diameter. Although this is desirable in the finished product for ductility and strength, at this point the rod must be stress-relieved by reheating. >>, Address: 3F, No.25 WH Rd., Xiamen Software Park , FJ 361008,China. Thanks to tungsten targets own advantage, it has been widely used in the aviation, the electronic information industry, medical and smelting equipment and other fields required coating. A binder may be added. But it was not until 1908, when William David Coolidge obtained his British patent for producing ductile tungsten wire, that the filament industry began. Depending on the required composition, one of three processes is generally employed. In order to investigate the effect of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process parameters on the properties and fracture behavior of tungsten alloy, HIP experiments with different process parameters were carried out, and the relative density, Rockwell hardness, tensile properties, and tensile fracture behavior were analyzed. Additive manufacturing describes the process of adding only the materials necessary to produce a part. MANUFACTURING TUNGSTEN. Tungsten powder is compacted into bars or billets with a mechanical or isostatic press prior to sintering. Requirements to Produce our Quality Certified Tungsten Products; tungsten ball, tungsten, sphere, tungsten cube are: . Swaging elongates the crystals, creating a fibrous structure. Additionally, tungsten crystals begin to form within the bar. Different Manufacturing. Open-pit methods have been used in Australia and Canada, while underground mining is generally necessary for other mines in the world. An improved process of manufacturing a tungsten lamp filament which includes coiling and heat treating said filament to at least 1600 C. on a molybdenum wire mandrel until significant stress relaxation has taken place, wherein the improvement comprises coating the bare metal surface of said wire mandrel with a chemical vapor deposit of a . Our manufacturing process and the experienced people that drive it are the reasons why Vista Metals preforms are chosen around the world. 6. APT can be sold commercially or further processed to tungsten oxide. Tungsten in one of its mineral forms was given its name (meaning heavy stone) by the Swedish mineralogist A.F. Some of the key tools used on the above machines are made of tungsten carbide. This two step process allows dichlorosilane to be used as a silicon source gas for . The metal is brittle at room temperature but ductile and strong at elevated temperatures. APT can be decomposed to yellow oxide when heated to above 250 C (480 F) in a furnace under a flow of air. While additive manufacturing is an emerging tool for manufacturing complex tungsten parts, cracking and low densification are the main challenges with printing W samples. : +86 592 5129696/86 592 5129595 These heat treatments convert the powder compacts into solid fragments of tungsten heavy alloy, Product finishing often includes grinding to size, producing perfectly shaped spheres and cubes. The tungsten is then stripped from the extractant into an ammonia solution containing ammonium tungstate. This process called sintering creates the hardest metal used for making jewelry. From accurately weighing raw materials and applying exacting temperatures at different stages, to precise machining and extensive quality control systems, attention to detail is key to ensuring finished tungsten alloy components meet the standards required by our customers: Our process is flexible and responsive, so we are able to accommodate long runs or one-off creations. The purity of the metal is about 95 percent. The rotary furnace is divided by partitions into three zones maintained, respectively, at 850, 875, and 900 C (1,550, 1,600, and 1,650 F). It can be made more malleable by raising its temperature to between 1200C to 1500C. Because tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal, there isnt a vessel that is capable of holding the molten liquid. In 1927 the Krupp Laboratory at Essen, Ger., discovered that a serviceable product could be produced when the normally brittle tungsten carbide was mixed with a cemented material. tungsten processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Tungsten Carbide Preform Manufacturing Process Vista Metals produces the World's finest tungsten carbide preforms because of our technology, commitment to quality and attention to detail. It is widely used in the aerospace, nuclear, and automotive industries. At certain stages, it may be necessary to anneal the wire to allow further processing. Omissions? Tungsten deposits occur in association with metamorphic rocks and granitic igneous rocks. H2WO4 + heat H2O + WO3. The resultant APT solution is sent to an evaporator for crystallization. These are stoked into tubes, usually arranged in two rows, and the tubes are heated in three separate zones along their lengths. 2 [].This filler rod was selected to prevent hot cracking while it provides a delta-ferrite (-ferrite) content of 7.7 in the FZ. Fax: +86 592 5129797, More Info: Making tungsten wire is a complex, difficult process. Phone:+86-592-5129696,+86-592-5129595;Fax:+86-592-5129797;Email. We can manufacture complex parts from pure tungsten using selective laser melting. A fixed amount is weighed and loaded into a steel mold which is loaded into a press. The powder is compacted into a cohesive, yet fragile bar. DOWNLOAD WOLFMET TUNGSTEN ALLOYS TECHNICAL DATA, TUNGSTEN HEAVY ALLOYS: SOLUTIONS FOR AEROSPACE, WOLFMET TUNGSTEN ALLOY RADIATION SHIELDING DATA SHEET, INNOVATION FOR PERSONALISED CANCER TREATMENT WITH WOLFMET 3D, TUNGSTEN ALLOYS AND HIGH PERFORMANCE MOTORSPORT, Free Tungsten Design For Manufacture Review. Generally, tungsten machining is performed by heating the workpiece to around 400C to enhance its ductility. When subjected to mechanical stresses . These efforts are critically important to increase supply levels and exports back to the U.S., which will benefit the overall global supply chain of tungsten for production and manufacturing. Tungsten with carbon and other elements are ground into a powder and then compressed with high heat and pressure dies to form a ring blank. Sometimes it is needed to bind with oxygen-free copper backplane ground after some target metallization. Electric current will be passed through the bar. Tungsten is a refractory metal with excellent physical and chemical properties; it is used in large quantities for the production of cemented carbides. Tungsten Ring Manufacturing Process: Tungsten with carbon and other elements are ground into a powder and then compressed with high pressure dies to form a tungsten ring blank. The tungstic acid is then dissolved in aqueous ammonia at 60 C (140 F) for two hours under stirring. At this temperature, the bar can be passed through a swager. Target materials can be prepared by tungsten powder or tungsten blanks, which can form its own shape, through use vacuum melting, ordinary hot-press, cold sintering and other methods by metal smelting, powder metallurgy, non-metallic powder molding method. Calcium from the resulting solution is precipitated as calcium oxalate, while phosphorus and arsenic may be removed by the addition of magnesium oxide, which forms insoluble phosphates and arsenates of ammonium and magnesium. The blue oxide is then reduced by hydrogen to metallic tungsten powder in stationary furnaces at temperatures ranging from 550 to 850 C (1,025 to 1,550 F). MC6U. 1-5 Cemented carbide consists of a tungsten carbide phase (here abbreviated as WC) and a binder phase. A slow heating in the early stage of sintering is essential for deoxidizing the material and releasing gases at a controlled rate. Tungsten Rhenium Wire For complete reduction to metal, a temperature higher than 1,050 C is required. To reduce cracking, the researchers investigated combining pure tungsten powder with 1, 5, and 10% tantalum (Ta) powder. Tungsten exhibits a body-centred cubic (bcc) crystal lattice. 3D printing of tungsten powder is an additive manufacturing process. The blank is then fired in an oxygen free furnace at an astounding 6,200 degrees Fahrenheit. Canadas Northwest Territories is home to the largest tungsten mine in the Western world, and a mine at Chojlla, Bol., is the largest producer in South America. Cobalt-chromium-tungsten alloys, produced under the trade name Stellites, are used for the hard-facing of wear-resistant valves, bearings, propeller shafts, cutting tools, and high-temperature tools. Prior to the removal of unreacted gangue by filtration, the acidity is adjusted to pH 99.5, and aluminum and manganese sulfates are added at 7080 C (160175 F) and stirred for one hour. Objects are created using a series of additive layers put down in succession, each slightly different than the one before it, to create a finished 3-D part. Adding 1 to 2 percent thoria or zirconia increases the electron emission and high-temperature strength of tungsten wire, making it useful for electronic applications and electrodes for tungsteninert-gas arc welding. There are also deposits in Kazakhstan. Its alloys are employed in rocket-engine nozzles and other aerospace applications. Cronstedt in 1755. Tungsten is extracted from ore through a series of chemical reactions. The Tungsten Carbide Manufacturing Process. Sodium tungstate is also used to produce phosphotungstic acid-type organic dyes and pigments, which are brilliant, light-resistant, and insoluble in water and linseed oil. Even at extremely high molding pressures, the hard tungsten carbide particles are not deformed or broken, and the organic binder is pressed into the gap between the tungsten carbide . In this process the oxide is loaded into boats made of Inconel, a nickel-based alloy noted for its strength at high temperatures. Additive manufacturing (AM), sometimes referred to as 3D printing, is a manufacturing process used to produce three-dimensional solid parts and components. Tungsten carbides are used for cutting tools and hard-facing materials owing to their hardness and resistance to wear. Please select which sections you would like to print: Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Molybdenum is removed by adding sodium sulfide at 8085 C (175185 F) at a pH of 10, holding for one hour, and then acidifying the solution to pH 2.53 and stirring for seven to nine hours to precipitate molybdenum sulfide. The nail-producing process comprises wire drawing, molding, and polishing. Medium- 2.0m. APT may also be reduced by carbon, although the powder is usually contaminated with tungsten carbide and some mineral elements contained in the carbon. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Looking to purchase tungsten wire? Our processes are ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 accredited, while for aerospace applications they are also AS9100 approved. In 1847, Robert Oxland patented in Britain his manufacturing process for sodium tungstate, tungstic acid, and the pure metal, and in 1857, he patented his process for producing tungsten steel. First, preheat at 800 ~ 850 to avoid large thermal . The density of tungsten-titanium-cobalt (YT) hard alloys decreases with the increase of TiC powder content. . When APT and carbon are mixed and reacted at 650850 C (1,2001,550 F), the product is a blue oxide. https://www.britannica.com/technology/tungsten-processing, International Tungsten Industry Association - Tungsten Processing. Tungsten target go through the process of pressing and molding, sintering, hot isostatic pressing, cold rolling, annealing, cutting back and then binding with a copper. The blank is then fired in an oxygen-free furnace at an astounding 6,200 degrees Fahrenheit. The process must be tightly controlled in order to insure the proper chemistry as well as the proper physical properties of the finished wire. Machining tungsten can be extremely challenging, owing to its high strength and brittleness. This mixture is heated to over 1200 C (2200 F) and a chemical reaction occurs that removes the . Green machining in the as-compacted state can be performed for added shape complexity and then this pre-form is sintered at a temperature that is high enough to allow . Tungsten ores frequently occur in association with sulfides and arsenides, which can be removed by roasting in air for two to four hours at 800 C (1,450 F). The quenching process, due to poor thermal conductivity, is generally divided into two stages. The process must be tightly controlled in order to insure the proper chemistry as well as the proper physical properties of the finished wire. Then, the plates were welded by GTAW process at five passes (namely root pass, hot pass, two fill passes and cover pass) with the use of an ER 316 L filler wire of 2.4 mm in diameter (its chemical composition is given in Table 1) as shown in Fig. Copyright 2021 Tungsten Parts Wyoming, Inc. All rights reserved. In the acid-leaching process, scheelite concentrate is decomposed by hydrochloric acid in the presence of sodium nitrate as an oxidizing agent. Tungsten ores are beneficiated by crushing followed by gravity concentration. Another common way to synthesize WO3 is by calcination of ammonium paratungstate (APT . These conditions are favourable for exploitation by small-scale operations. Our Grades. Materials & Secondary Process Company Introduction Qingdao Wanyuan Hongji Mould Co., Ltd. was founded in 2003, with enterprise assets of 76 million yuan, 58 employees, covering an area of 15,600 square meters, and a workshop area of 8,300 square meters. The first is wolframite [(Fe, Mn)WO4], which contains iron and manganese tungstates in all proportions between 20 and 80 percent of each. The process must be tightly controlled in order to insure the proper chemistry as well as the proper physical properties of the finished wire. In 1847, Robert Oxland patented in Britain his manufacturing process for sodium tungstate, tungstic acid, and the pure metal, and in 1857, he patented his process for producing tungsten steel. Typically a swager will reduce the diameter by about 12% per pass. Subtractive manufacturing on the other hand refers to taking materials away from a larger piece through processes such as machining or grinding. Verified for composition, density, flowability and size, Once approved by our Quality Lab, the powders are pressed into a variety of shape, held together with a proprietary binder, The pressed parts are then heated in a series of high temperature, thermal processing steps. The refractory metal is one of the toughest materials known to man with a greater density than lead (19.3 g/cm 3) and the highest melting point of any metal in the periodic table (3422C).So, how do tungsten manufacturers go about refining the metal and converting it into finished parts? Click to discover the wide range of grades we offer. Iron, silica, and similar impurities that form colloidal hydroxides are removed by adding a small amount of activated carbon and digesting for one to two hours. From powder preparation to supply of finished product. Material is about 60% 70% of full density, with little or no grain growth. Nail Manufacturing Process. Tungsten carbide. Tel. This charge is agitated by steam spraying and is maintained at 70 C (160 F) for 12 hours. The tungsten bar is now strong, but very brittle at room temperature. Consequently, it is widely used for electrical contacts, semiconductor supports, and rocket nozzles. Owing to this unique combination of properties, it is used extensively as filaments for incandescent lamps, as electric contacts, and as electron emitters for electronic devices. The second group is called fused or cast carbide, consisting of W2C and a eutectic mixture of WC and W2C. View our wire selection. Refining tungsten from ore cannot be performed by traditional smelting since tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal. The Nan Mountains deposits are principally high-grade wolframite veins that are found outcropping in great numbers in many separate areas. Cutting corners early in the process to reduce wire prices can result in poor performance of the finished product. Tungsten infiltrated by silver and copper has excellent arc resistance, high resistance to welding, and high conductivity and current capacity. An indirect sintering process is used for large tungsten billets. As the wire is drawn, fibers again elongate and tensile strength increases. 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