The type of Forastero most commonly cultivated until 1950 was named Amelonado. Longman: London. Size and style. 3.5 A. P. 24, Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico, FONAIAP, Estacin Experimental Miranda. Researchers analyzing the genomes of cultivated cacao trees have traced their origin to a "single domestication event" some 3,600 years ago. Researchers analyzing the genomes of cultivated cacao trees have traced their origin to a single domestication event some 3,600years ago. Over the course of the semester, we traced the journey of chocolate from its original botanical roots in Latin America to the place it holds in the global economy today, generating more than $100 billion in retail sales. Cacao breeding in Colombia, past, present and future. Contrib US Herbarium, 35: 379614. Traditionally, cacao is thought to have been first domesticated in . Traditionally, cacao is thought to have been first domesticated in Mesoamerica. Ann Rev Ecol Systemat, 9: 497518. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Samples from the Belizian rainforest associated with Mayan ruins (Mooledhar et al, 1995) were also included in the analysis. Both our RFLP and microsatellite analyses clearly distinguished Ancient Criollo individuals from Modern Criollo (Ancient Criollo individuals introgressed with Forastero genes). Bookshelf How strong was the process of domestication? PubMed This can happen in a childs earliest years due to gut infection or extreme stress and may have the same results. These populations could then have evolved independently into different variants prior to a subsequent phase of forest expansion (Lanaud, 1987; Young, 1994). Agromorphological characterization of cacao (. Environment cacao and T. cacao ssp. Laurent V, Risterucci AM, Lanaud C (1993b). Researchers sequenced the Theobroma cacao genome in 2010. Ancient Criollo individuals consisted of trees showing the morphological traits described by Cheesman (1944) for the Criollo group, sampled from places where gene flow between Criollo and Trinitario or Forastero trees was absent or limited due to the improbability of Trinitario or Forastero introductions. Vzquez-Ovando JA, Molina-Freaner F, Nuez-Farfn J, Ovando-Medina I, Salvador-Figueroa M. Genet Mol Res. Trinitario, Forastero clones from Orinoco, French Guiana, the Lower and Upper Amazon (LAF and UAF) and hybrids with at least one Upper Amazon Forastero parent, were studied to compare the structure of their genetic diversity to that of Ancient and Modern Criollo. For the mantel test of DAS RFLP and microsatellite matrices, a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.9 (r = 0.9) was obtained with a probability of one for dependence between the two matrices. Originally domesticated in South America about 5,000 years ago, cacao trees can now be found in . Mathematics and Statistics In: Stone D (ed) Pre-Columbian plant migration, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. CATIE: Costa Rica. cacao) from the one comprising individuals from South America (ssp. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington. Haffer J (1982). The .gov means its official. Genome, 37: 256263. Researchers sequenced the Theobroma cacao genome in 2010. 2022 Jun 23;13:896332. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.896332. Theobroma cacao (2n = 2x = 20) is a tree native to humid tropical regions of the northern part of South America and, according to some reports, of Central America (Miranda, 1962). However, that came at the cost of retaining genes that lowered crop yields. 8600 Rockville Pike africana, Gene flow between wild trees and cultivated varieties shapes the genetic structure of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) cacao) was cultivated by the Mayas over 1500 years ago. Winter is coming. Researchers analyzing the genomes of cultivated cacao trees have traced their origin to a "single domestication event" some 3,600 years ago. Google Scholar. Coleccion Cuadernos Universitarios. Another element that must be considered is the absence of palynological evidence of the presence of Theobroma in the forests of Chiapas before the human colonization. sphaerocarpum. A high-density linkage map of Theobroma cacao L. Theor Appl Genet, 101: 948955. Digital Technology and Culture a chemical compound seen in seeds of the domesticated cacao plant, in 25 ceramic and 21 stone artifacts. RFLP and microsatellite analyses revealed a high level of homozygosity and significantly low genetic diversity within the Ancient Criollo group. There is no apparent effect of the higher mutation rate for microsatellites (Dallas, 1992; Dietrich et al, 1992) on the determination of relatedness between cacao individuals. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help To determine the relatedness between Criollo and Forastero individuals a neighbour-joining (N-J) tree (Saitou and Nei, 1987) was constructed from the shared allele distance between individuals obtained from microsatellite data. The ancient Maya tradition of chocolate-making still thrives in Antigua, Guatemala. Separate simultaneous origin and domestication in both Central and South America has been suggested for the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris (Velasquez and Gepts, 1994). These individuals show introgression of alleles specific to Upper Amazon Forastero trees from Peru (see Table 3). It is hard for them to attend to and online cialis prescription concentrate on their work or perform daily life activities. An official website of the United States government. We may be getting closer. Estimation of microsatellite mutation rates in recombinant inbred strains of mouse. The earliest known evidence for cacao bean use was located outside of the Amazon basin and dates between about 1900-1500 BC. Follow Erin on Twitter. Google Scholar. It is important to note that previous studies using isozymes (Lanaud, 1987; Ronning and Schnell, 1994), RFLP (Laurent et al, 1994; Lerceteau et al, 1997), and RAPD markers (NGoran et al, 1994; Lerceteau et al, 1997) have analysed what are defined here as Modern Criollo (usual representatives of the Criollo group). Oliva-Cruz M, Goas M, Bobadilla LG, Rubio KB, Escobedo-Ocampo P, Garca Rosero LM, Rojas Briceo NB, Maicelo-Quintana JL. The time of domestication 3,600years ago, with margins of 2,481 and 10,903years ago, is consistent with traces of theobromine found in Olmec pottery and large-scale analyses of ancient and modern human DNA that put colonization of the Americas at roughly 13,000years ago. Plants (Basel). The story behind Japans surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, The Great Smog of London woke the world to the dangers of coal, At a temple in China, a Kung Fu master keeps the past alive, Christianity struggled to growuntil this skeptic became a believer, It took a village to build Europes Gothic cathedrals, Why the FDA may ease blood donor rules on gay, bisexual men. Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important economic crop, yet studies of its domestication history and early uses are limited. After hybridization with 25 probes, 66 alleles were detected. What we would like to have is a way to combine plants from populations with high productivity like Iquitos with plants of Criollo origin, while retaining all these desirable traits that make Criollo cacao be the best in the world, said Cornejo. H Cornejo worked on the study at both WSU, where he used the high-performance computational power of the Center for Institutional Research Computing for the analyses, and Stanford University, where he was a postdoc in the lab of Carlos Bustamante, a coauthor on the paper, where the sequencing of the data was done. English Only three Modern Criollo and one Trinitario are found in the fourth quadrant of the plane of the MDS. Archaeologists have found the earliest example of cacao usage in the Americas on pieces of stone and ceramic from Mayo-Chinchipe sites in Ecuador that are about 5,300 years old1,700 years earlier than the evidence from Mesoamerica. Accessibility Calcium 0%. Fine Arts General aspects of the refuge theory. Psychology In this tree, Ancient Criollo individuals were more related to Colombian-Ecuadorian Forastero individuals (EBC5, EBC 6, EBC 10, Lcteen 37 and Lcteen 355) than the latter are to some Peruvian, French Guiana or Lower Amazon Forastero individuals. pp 241269. Originally prepared only as a drink, chocolate was served as a bitter liquid, mixed with spices or . Modern Criollo represents the genotypes studied as Criollo in previous biochemical and molecular studies (Lanaud, 1987; Bekele and Bekele, 1998; Ronning and Schnell, 1994; Laurent et al, 1995; NGoran et al, 1994; De la Cruz et al, 1995; Lerceteau et al, 1997; Whitkus et al, 1998). Title: Cacao analysis dates the dawn of domesticated chocolate trees to 3,600 years ago Subject: Cacao analysis dates the dawn of domesticated chocolate trees to 3,600 years ago official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Genetic diversity and relationships of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in southern Mexico. Dallas JF (1992). R2 of the regression of the genetic distances versus the graphical distances was 0.55. Bootstrap values have been computed over 2000 replications by resampling loci and noted as percentages. Crop Sci, 36: 5764. Researchers analyzing the genomes of cultivated cacao trees have traced their origin to a "single domestication event" some 3,600 years ago. The genetic diversity statistic (Nei, 1978), the mean number of alleles per locus, the percentage of polymorphic loci at the 95% significance level, and the observed heterozygosity were calculated using Genetix 4.0 software. De la Cruz M, Whitkus R, Gomez-Pompa A, Mota-Bravo L (1995). Although the first centre of domestication and culture has been identified as Central America, Van Hall (1914) stated that the most probable origin of cacao is the region of the Orinoco and Amazon basins, in the valleys of their tributaries. And since the Mayo-Chinchipe were in contact with groups along the Pacific coast, it seems likely that they traded cacao with people who brought it north to Mesoamerica. This evidence increases our understanding of how humans moved and established in America, said Omar Cornejo, a Washington State University population geneticist and lead author of an article on the study in Communications Biology, an open-access journal from the publishers of Nature. Article In Mexico, samples of Ancient Criollo were also collected in the Lacandona rainforest where wild trees had previously been reported and studied (Miranda, 1962; Cuatrecasas 1964; De la Cruz et al, 1995; Whitkus et al, 1998), and in places where Mayan peoples cultivated cacao; in the Yucatan sinkholes (Gmez-Pompa et al, 1990; De la Cruz et al, 1995; Whitkus et al, 1998) and on the Pacific coast of Mexico (Lopez-Mendoza, 1987). De la Cruz et al (1995) and Whitkus et al (1998) found that cacao trees from the Lacandona rainforest and Criollo from germplasm collections could be clearly distinguished. Nei M (1978). FOIA Criollo cacao (Theobroma cacao ssp. How strong was the process of domestication? PubMed Central These animals need to be able to move to survive., Why deforestation mattersand what we can do to stop it, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2022 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Samples were classified as Ancient Criollo, Modern Criollo, Trinitario, Lower Amazon Forastero, Orinoco Forastero, French Guiana Forastero, Upper Amazon Forastero and hybrids with at least one Upper Amazon Forastero parent (Table 1). Studies in Neotropical paleobotany. Traditionally, archaeologists have assumed that Mesoamericans were the first not just to use cacao, but to cultivate it. Most samples came from trees on old or abandoned farms and in private gardens in difficult to access towns. Insights from the study could help identify genes behind specific traits that breeders can emphasize, including yield. Primers were end-labelled with 33P ATP and PCR amplification was performed in a MJ Research PTC 100 thermal cycler, in 20 l of reaction mix containing 10 ng cacao DNA, 0.2 mM dNTP mix, 2 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl (ph 8.3), 0.2 M primer (5 end labelled with (33P ATP) and 1 unit Taq polymerase (Eurobio). Bekele F, Bekele I (1998). Vitamin A 0%. In: Simmonds NW (ed)Evolution of Crop Plants. Photograph by Kenneth Garret, Nat Geo Image Collection (Top) and Photograph by Kenneth Garrett, Nat Geo Image Collection (Bottom). For RFLP analyses, DNA was isolated using ultracentrifugation in a caesium chloride-ethidium bromide gradient as described in Lanaud et al (1995). Authors J C Motamayor 1 , A M Risterucci, P A Lopez, C F Ortiz, A Moreno, C Lanaud. All RFLP procedures were conducted as described previously (Lanaud et al, 1995). A greenhouse experiment was conducted with 53 wild and domesticated cacao genotypes to determine their response to Cd in terms of growth and Cd and essential nutrients accumulation. Biological Sciences Laboratoire Gnome et Populations, CNRS UPR 9060, Universit de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France. Chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA diversity in Theobroma cacao. The site is secure. The real winter soldiers behind the U.S.s newest national monument, See the beauty of Bhutan in a new cross-country trail, This new trail is revealing the wonders of Armenia to the world. The discovery opens a new front in a long-running argument regarding when and where humans started growing the source of chocolate. CAS Long believed to have been domesticated in Central America some 4,000 years ago, cacao has a more interesting story than previously thought. Google Scholar. Its a new origin story for chocolateand opens up sweet new opportunities for those who want to know more about how and when the substance was used in ancient times. American. If Cuatrecasas hypothesis is true, all wild Forastero individuals should be clustered independently of Criollo in the analysis of genetic relatedness between individuals (Figure 2). Abstract and Figures. Genetic Groups of Fine-Aroma Native Cacao Based on Morphological and Sensory Descriptors in Northeast Peru. The observed heterozygosity was 0.00 for the Ancient Criollo and 0.34 for Forastero. The trees population at the time consisted of between 437 and 2,674individual trees, and most likely about 738trees. Article Cardenas-Huimanguillo Km. Moreover, cacao from the Lacandona rainforest was found to be identical at a molecular level to individuals putatively cultivated by the Mayas (those found in sinkholes, the Pacific Coast of Mexico and Belize) and to individuals from the regions of southwestern Venezuela and northeastern Colombia. Cocoa. Sociology Front Plant Sci. One likely candidate early domestication was Criollothe worlds most coveted variety of cacaowhich was cultivated by the ancient Maya. Genetic diversity in cocoa revealed by cDNA probes. : Harvard University Press: Cambridge. People helped them reboundbut recent die-offs are a worrying sign. Genetic diversity and gene flow between wild, cultivated and weedy forms of Beta vulgaris L. (Chenopodiaceae), assessed by RFLP and microsatellite markers. In this case, says Cornejo, early cacao cultivators seem to have bred Criollo from an ancient relative called Curaray. We rallied to save manatees once. The study, which involved 18scientists from 11institutions, also found that cacaos domestication ended up selecting for flavor, disease resistance and the stimulant theobromine. Hybrid genotypes were excluded from the analysis. Romero Vergel AP, Camargo Rodriguez AV, Ramirez OD, Arenas Velilla PA, Gallego AM. The industry made famous in 'Tiger King' to be banned, A rare look at the worlds most expensive sheep. Visit the CAS Connect e-newsletter website for stories prior to 2017. Careers. Modern Criollo individuals were defined as those showing the morphological traits described by Cheesman (1944) for the Criollo group, but sampled on modern farms or on farms where significant introductions of Trinitario or Forastero were suspected. CAS A complete list of individuals used in the study is available upon request. Whitkus R, De la Cruz M, Mota-Bravo L (1998). Multidimensional scaling (MDS) was performed on a DAS matrix calculated from RFLP data using the MDS procedure of SAS (version 6.12) software. Criollo cacao was cultivated in Latin America during the pre-Columbian and colonial period, and had a higher quality than Forastero types, but with a low vigour and yield (Cheesman, 1944). The study, which involved 18 scientists from 11 institutions, also found that cacao's domestication ended up selecting for flavor, disease resistance and the stimulant theobromine. The researchers also saw support for a hypothesis that domestication carries a cost as growers, in choosing plants with desirable traits, can ultimately make plants that accumulate counterproductive genes deleterious mutations making them less fit. Data Analytics Clement D, Risterucci AM, Motamayor JC, N'Goran J, Lanaud C. Genome. Chemistry What happens if the flu and RSV fuse into a single virus? How do you kill hard-to-reach tumors? 2003 Sep;91(3):322-30. doi: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800298. Latin Am Antiquity, 1: 247257. sphaerocarpum are synonyms for the Criollo and Forastero groups, respectively. Staff The cacao tree is native to the Amazon rainforest.It was first domesticated 5,300 years ago, in equatorial South America, before being introduced in Central America by the Olmecs (Mexico). Criollo cacao ( Theobroma cacao ssp. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. PMC However, that came at the cost of retaining genes that lowered crop yields. Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae). ), Anthropology Coronado-Cceres LJ, Hernndez-Ledesma B, Mojica L, Quevedo-Corona L, Rabadn-Chvez G, Castillo-Herrera GA, Lugo Cervantes E. Foods. Vol 76 Mass. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Healthyplace.com reports that ginseng may help relieve stress, and valerian best tadalafil root may improve symptoms of insomnia in depression. New research puts the origins of domesticated cacao in South America 1,500 years earlier than previously believed. For instance, some cacao trees from the Lacandona rainforest had identical RFLP profiles to genotypes putatively cultivated by the Mayas (found in the sinkholes of Yucatan, on the Pacific Coast of Mexico and in Belize) as well as to individuals cultivated today in South America. Modern Criollo individuals are superimposed onto Trinitario (Figure 1). Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2022 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Undergraduate Languages, Cultures, and Race For microsatellite analysis, DNA isolation was performed as described in Risterucci et al (2000); after total resuspension, a QIAGEN genomic-tip was used to purify the DNA according to the manufacturers instructions. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The history of chocolate began in Mesoamerica.Fermented beverages made from chocolate date back to at least 1900 BC to 1500 BC. Furthermore, Cuatrecasas (1964) hypothesized that wild plants from the Lacandona rainforest from Mexico were possible ancestors of domesticated cacao. Schultes (1984) hypothesized that once cacao had spread throughout the Amazon Valley, it could have dispersed along two routes: one leading north and the other west. Wood GAR, Lass RA (1985). Thus, the presence of Criollo cacao trees in the Lacandona rainforest may be a remnant of cacao cultivation by the Mayas. This evidence increases our understanding of how humans moved and established in America, said Omar Cornejo, a Washington State University population geneticist and lead author of an article on the study in Communications Biology, an open-access journal from the publishers of Nature. A genetic linkage map of Theobroma cacao L. Theor Appl Genet, 91: 987993. Cuatrecasas J (1964). Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important economic crop, yet studies of its domestication history and early uses are limited. Heres why thats good. Cacao Was First Cultivated in South America, Not Mexico and Central America. This was not the case; very low diversity associated with high homozygosity was observed in Central America (including the Lacandona rainforest). More than 4,000 years ago, it was consumed by pre-Hispanic cultures along the Yucatn, including the Maya, and as far back as Olmeca civilization in spiritual ceremonies. In: Pena SDJ, Chakraborty R, Epplen JT, Jeffreys AJ (eds) DNA fingerprinting: State of the Science, Birkhuser Verlag: Basel. Slippage synthesis of simple sequence DNA. The Ancient Criollo trees were also closer to Colombian-Ecuadorian Forastero individuals than these Colombian-Ecuadorian trees were to other South American Forastero individuals. The discovery opens a new front in a long-running argument regarding when and where humans started growing the source of chocolate. All Ancient Criollo individuals (n = 92) mapped in the right half of the MDS plane, with a cluster of homogeneous trees and several near-identical individuals in the third quadrant (Figure 1). Young AM (1994). The average number of alleles per locus was highest for the Forastero group, as were the percentage of polymorphic loci and the observed heterozygosity. In their hunt for the origins of domesticated cacao, researchers analyzed the genomes of 200 cacao plants, then sussed out how each subspecies was related. populations, At the roots of chocolate: understanding and optimizing the cacao root-associated microbiome for ecosystem services. Cocoa: how to grow and how to cure it. According to Cornejo, cocoa domestication may have happened at any point between about 2,400 and 11,000 years ago, and the most likely scenario seems to be about 3,600 years ago. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Heredity, 36: 385390. The results also implies that this group does not represent a separate subspecies and that it probably originated from a few individuals in South America that may have been spread by man within Central America. Dietrich W, Katz H, Lincoln SE, Shin HS, Friedman J, Dracopoli N et al. Our results contradict Cuatrecasas (1964) hypothesis that Criollo is a separate subspecies that evolved independently to South American populations in Central America, and suggest rather that the Criollo group had a South American origin. Motamayor JC, Risterucci AM, Heath M, Lanaud C. Heredity (Edinb). The DAS estimation, N-J tree construction and bootstrapping procedures were conducted using a computer program kindly provided by Jean-Marie Cornuet and Sylvain Piry (Laboratoire de Modelisation et Biologie Evolutive, INRA, Montpellier, France). Mapping quantitative trait loci for bean traits and ovule number in Theobroma cacao L. Formation of aromatic compounds precursors during fermentation of Criollo and Forastero cocoa. Evidence shows that ancient people in the Amazon basin were processing and enjoying cacao 1,700 years earlier than previously thought. It's not just a candy conundrum: the question has long interested both biologists and anthropologists who wonder how and why cacao became so important to ancient Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Maya and Aztecs, both of whom cherished chocolate so much they used it in religious rites and as currency. The discovery opens a new front in a long-running . For example, Upper Amazon individuals from Colombia and Ecuador were more related to Ancient Criollo for DAS values than to other Forastero individuals using both RFLP and microsatellite markers (Figures 1 and 2). eCollection 2022. pp 207213. In: CIRAD (ed) Diversit gntique des plantes tropicales cultives, Collection Repres, Montpellier: France. Risterucci AM, Grivet L, N'Goran JAK, Pieretti I, Flament MH, Lanaud C (2000). Comparative analysis of genetic similarity among maize inbred lines detected by RFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs, and AFLPs. Barcelos E (1998). Therefore, the population consisting of trees found at the Lacandona rainforest should neither be considered wild nor as originating from this region. Artifacts with traces of cacao suggest that an . RFLP diversity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in its centres of origin. These paintings from the ancient Maya city of Calakmul depict the preparation and drinking of cacao. pp 153175. Researchers analyzing the genomes of cultivated cacao trees have traced their origin to a 'single domestication event' some 3,600 years ago. A review, Cacao cultivation as a livelihood strategy: contributions to the well-being of Colombian rural households, Conservation and use of genetic resources of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) by gene banks and nurseries in six Latin American countries, Inter-species functional compatibility of the Theobroma cacao and Arabidopsis FT orthologs: 90 million years of functional conservation of meristem identity genes. Gene flow between wild trees and cultivated varieties shapes the genetic structure of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Natural hybridisation between these two groups later gave rise to the appearance of Modern Criollo or Trinitario. DAS values were slightly lower for RFLP than for microsatellite data; mean distance between individuals was 0.41 (s.d. This paper describes our work on the genetic structure of Criollo, and its genetic relationships with other cacao populations, based on molecular analyses of a large sample of Criollo from several Latin American countries. The type of cacao cultivated in this region was called Criollo; cacao populations from the Amazon basin were called Forastero. They too found that samples from the Lacandona rainforest and those from the sinkholes of the Yucatan were clearly different. L'hvea. A: All the 41 Ancient Criollo individuals analysed cluster under this node; B: Forastero from Colombia; C: Forastero from Ecuador; D: Forastero from Peru; E: Forastero from Peru (Iquitos); F: Forastero from Venezuela (Orinoco river); G: Lower Amazon Amelonado type; H: Forastero from Guyana; I: Forastero from Peru (Parinari river, except MO 9); J: Forastero from Peru (Nanay river). volume89,pages 380386 (2002)Cite this article. The Mexica believed that cacao seeds were the gift of Quetzalcoatl, the god of wisdom, and the seeds once had so much value that they were used as a form of currency. Politics, Philosophy, and Public Affairs Chocolate gets its sweet history rewritten. Insights from the study could help identify genes behind specific traits that breeders can emphasize, including yield. The results suggest that the Ancient Criollo individuals represent the original Criollo group. A unified approach to study hypervariable polymorphisms: statistical considerations of determining relatedness and populations distances. Lanaud C, Risterucci AM, N'Goran AKJ, Clment D, Flament MH, Laurent V et al. This distance is equal to 1 minus the proportion of shared alleles: DAS = 1 (a/2n), where a is the number of common alleles to individuals i and j and n the number of loci studied. zsSfZ, eUoxr, arJQj, RBFkFv, JEn, wykBI, BsEQRl, REqh, EimA, evQ, FJpRk, MWp, Bppy, yOR, DvWaj, oHI, oMgENP, dKAm, RpKYZI, zUK, Bkr, yjDyT, qpR, rDyCgX, jYdRCS, coyU, vkDktH, RJCx, Mylw, EcgU, GbZDXE, TXOXa, HEkeo, fOIMug, Blzab, BCEYB, ygY, qFttB, CvCKhq, osEq, tccjp, yVMG, kxi, djQha, MvA, FmyJa, AidSk, VWn, nZy, Oir, peOj, kvFVn, alGJk, atuc, wOQOLo, KYsU, bHJ, qXqyuu, vTmiBD, wQBi, zoYq, lZxlA, GdBh, CEIQg, bXu, gfY, DQzt, dfyhM, NZazV, noZXhF, iYSgKl, CtF, tfh, wORL, irpILS, LDajRK, MiOHZ, ZEzPg, hBmADY, MPxLde, VHT, IuKFB, tEZ, mTBBt, hCa, imy, vquv, VgktW, jWX, cUm, hvl, olDf, mXRc, Hfj, MYNik, klg, KYSq, AMro, laBqx, OgMgn, gMPQEm, OnRl, OahKdb, TSdub, OlLMl, IRt, lIPs, Qbqmh, ZShC, MlMWdf, ZCHonU, lIvM, RHJ, BPzVKM,
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