The second genre, evolved GT, is founded on symbolic interactionism and stems from work associated with Strauss, Corbin and Clarke. In psychology, grounded theory is used to understand the role of therapeutic distance for adult . The core explains the behavior of the participants in resolving their main concern. Grounded theory, a qualitative research method, relies on insight generated from the data. University of Victoria, May 12, 2011 PhD from University of Liverpool Management School, UK, January 5, 2018 Because it requires multiple rounds of research, it's more costly and time-consuming than studies where the hypothesis and testing is clear . It does agreat job of explaining the roots of GT (exploring the life, philosophies and influences on Barney Glaser), correcting some misunderstanding about the method, and looking at advances in the method. Grounded theory is a systematic methodology that generates theory from data. While it is important to have an understanding of how a methodology has developed, in order to move forward with research, a novice can align with a grounded theorist and follow an approach to GT. authorsGlaser & Strauss (1967), Glaser (1978, 2017), Strauss Levels of Significance Concept & Examples | What are Levels of Significance? A Straussian grounded theory methodology was used. Glaser alone wrote the second methodology "Theoretical Sensitivity" (Glaser, 1978) and has since written five more books on the method and edited five readers with a collection of GT articles and dissertations (see Literature at end). Consider this reader as volume one. troubleshooting seminar is for novice and established grounded theory Dr. Alvina Gillani Dr. Many researchers may concur with that approach especially since qualitative research always had a relation to micro-sociological action theory, but others who want to employ a macro-sociological and system theory perspective may feel that the use of the coding paradigm would lead them astray." Data gathered from interviews with EPs were analysed though constructivist grounded theory (GT) methods. Dr. Before commencing any research study, the researcher must have a solid understanding of the research process. Grounded theory is a research. An international survey of Death Doula training organizations: the views of those driving Death Doula training and role enactment. Please check it out, atits new website: http://groundedtheoryreview.com/. The Grounded The meticulous application of essential GT methods refines the analysis resulting in the generation of an integrated, comprehensive GT that explains a process relating to a particular phenomenon.6 The results of a GT study are communicated as a set of concepts, related to each other in an interrelated whole, and expressed in the production of a substantive theory.5,7,16 A substantive theory is a theoretical interpretation or explanation of a studied phenomenon6,17 Thus, the hallmark of grounded theory is the generation of theory abstracted from, or grounded in, data generated and collected by the researcher.6 However, to ensure quality in research requires the application of rigour throughout the research process. Rutgers University in Newark, NJ, December 15th Breast Cancer. The Grounded Theory Summer School: Exploring grounded theory will be held in person on 30 June and 1 July, 2022 in Petersfield, UK We will explore the grounded theory methods of the main authors Glaser & Strauss (1967), Glaser (1978, 2017), Strauss (1987), Corbin & Strauss (2015) and Charmaz (2014) and consider which is most likely to suit your research aims. programme. Perceiving and Communicating Love: A Several analytic tools and techniques can be used to enhance theoretical sensitivity and increase the grounded theorists sensitivity to theoretical constructs in the data.28 Birks and Mills6 state, as a grounded theorist becomes immersed in the data, their level of theoretical sensitivity to analytic possibilities will increase (p. 12). Dr. This article offers a framework to assist novice researchers visualise the iterative processes that underpin a GT study. This freedom is optimal when the researcher refrains from taping interviews, doing a pre research literature review, and talking about the research before it is written up. UK The book will be presented in Rome on November 27th. of a New Destiny in the Aftermath of the 1994 Genocide. A researcher typically observes the entity of interest in a natural setting before drawing conclusions about its nature and existence. Dr. David Harris Smith (2007). An open beginning and research questions. We welcome novice and expert researchers using any variety of grounded The Grounded Theory Perspective III: Theoretical coding. (Corbin & Strauss, 2008) 5. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Glaser and Strauss subsequently went on to write The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research (1967). Also, you now selectively sample new data with the core in mind, which is called theoretical sampling a deductive part of GT. The grounded theory analysis approach to qualitative data Grounded theory is also related to qualitative research. What is grounded theory? the Senior Year of Undergraduate Study. This split occurred most obviously after Strauss published Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists (1987). Dipartimento di Scienze dellEducazione For more details The framework denotes the process is both iterative and dynamic and is not one directional. In this chapter the authors argue that its usefulness for psychologists is both as a . The purpose of grounded theory is to explain a behavior or phenomenon that is not well understood. Thus the method according to Glaser is not limited to the realm of qualitative research, which he calls "QDA" (Qualitative Data Analysis). This summary provides a foundation for a framework to demonstrate the interplay between the methods and processes inherent in a GT study as presented in the sections that follow. Selective coding delimits the study, which makes it move fast. Grounded Theory Description Research is gathered about an area of interest and the theory emerges from this research as it is gathered and analysed. The name "grounded theory" mirrors its fundamental premise that researchers can and should develop theory from rigorous analyses of empirical data. De La Salle University in Manila, July 2012. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal A well-developed outline of the study and an understanding of the important considerations in designing and undertaking a GT study are essential if the goals of the research are to be achieved. government site. Epub 2009 Apr 3. grounded theory a set of procedures for the systematic analysis of unstructured qualitative data so as to derive by induction a supposition that explains the observed phenomena. Theory Summer School: Exploring grounded theory will be held in Let's look closer at one type of qualitative research, grounded theory, and its strengths and limitations. Barney Glaser's now world famous troubleshooting seminars are designed for PhD candidates to trouble shoot exactly their next questionwith regard todoing their GT dissertation. Authors Helen Noble 1 , Gary Mitchell 2 Affiliations 1 School . Learn the definition of grounded theory and find its advantages and disadvantages. Want to Read. A hallmark of GT is concurrent data generation/collection and analysis. grounded theory is considered to be an appropriate choice for a research study "when a phenomenon has not been adequately described, or when there are few theories that explain it" (p. 97). A relevant study deals with the real concern of participants, evokes "grab" (captures the attention) and is not only of academic interest. Following on from Glaser and Strauss, several versions of GT have ensued. Sociology Press, Glaser BG (ed). Grounded Theory (GT) is arguably the most successful qualitative research approach in contemporary social science and psychology. A critique of using grounded theory as a research method. A concept is the overall element and includes the categories which are conceptual elements standing by themselves, and properties of categories, which are conceptual aspects of categories (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). It is a research method that operates almost in a reverse fashion from traditional research and at first may appear to be in contradiction of the scientific method. Hisdissertation was on the information-seeking behavior of people in the Jenna Breckenridge It was developed by two sociologists, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss. Theoretical memos can be anything written or drawn in the constant comparison that makes up a GT. As will be discussed, theoretical sampling then commences from the codes and categories developed from the first data set. From the novice to the GT teacher, there is always a deeper level of understanding possible when it come to the procedures and the power of GT. According to Kelle (2005), "the controversy between Glaser and Strauss boils down to the question of whether the researcher uses a well defined 'coding paradigm' and always looks systematically for 'causal conditions,' 'phenomena/context, intervening conditions, action strategies' and 'consequences' in the data, or whether theoretical codes are employed as they emerge in the same way as substantive codes emerge, but drawing on a huge fund of 'coding families.' Accessibility 08.00 New York; 13.00 Dublin/London (GMT/UTC+1); 14.00 Berlin:please register A popular type of core variable can be theoretically modeled as a basic social process that accounts for most of the variation in change over time, context, and behavior in the studied area. These methods and processes create an unfolding, iterative system of actions and interactions inherent in GT.6,16 The methods interconnect and inform the recurrent elements in the research process as shown by the directional flow of the arrows and the encompassing brackets in Figure 1. This methodical way of creating grounded theory (and still be acceptable to scientific standards) is explained in Strauss and Corbin (1990). Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research (Paperback) by. Grounded theory involves collecting non-numerical data. Workability. construction industry. researchers. University College Cork, Ireland, February 12th London:Sage. CHE COS LA GROUNDED THEORY In a grounded theory study, data collection and analysis . Thus, especially in American academia qualitative research is often equated to grounded theory. (p. 5). ), on the notion of 'ground' (why is an idea of grounding the result important in qualitative inquiry?) Subsequent generations of grounded theorists have positioned themselves along a philosophical continuum, from Strauss and Corbins12 theoretical perspective of symbolic interactionism, through to Charmazs16 constructivist perspective. 2015 Dec;71(12):2775-85. doi: 10.1111/jan.12748. Sociology Press. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research [On-line Journal], 6(2), Art. Instead it has the goal of generating concepts that explain peoples actions regardless of time and place. These questions will be answered by the core variable and its subcores and properties in due course (see below). Coding is the pivotal link between collecting or generating data and developing a theory that explains the data. "Recalibrating 24 Contemporary school Psychology, 2012, Vol. 2022 Oct 12;5:838377. doi: 10.3389/frai.2022.838377. Glaser and Strauss5 initially described the term theoretical sensitivity in The Discovery of Grounded Theory. For one thing, grounded theory involves collecting a lot of data. Grounded theorists interact closely with the data during this phase, continually reassessing meaning to ascertain what is really going on in the data.30 Theoretical saturation ensues when new data analysis does not provide additional material to existing theoretical categories, and the categories are sufficiently explained.6, Birks and Mills6 described advanced coding as the techniques used to facilitate integration of the final grounded theory (p. 177). person on 30 June and 1 July, 2022 in Petersfield, UK With Physicians in U.S. Dr. Dr. Karen Koerber-Timmons Strauss, A & Corbin, J (1990). After initial analysis, theoretical sampling is employed to direct collection of additional data that will inform the developing theory.9 Initial coding advances into intermediate coding once categories begin to develop. In most behavioral research endeavors persons or patients are units of analysis, whereas in GT the unit of analysis is the incident (Glaser & Strauss 1967). Important concepts of grounded theory are categories, codes and codings. A. Grounded theory is a specific general methodology. An explanatory theory is built through data collection. Barney Glaser's now world famous troubleshooting seminars are designed for PhD candidates to trouble shoot exactly their next questionwith regard todoing their GT dissertation. Dr. She's noticed that when kids play some types of video games a lot, they do better in school, but when they play other types of video games a lot, they do worse in school. The theoretical density should be dosed so concepts are mixed with description in words, tables, or figures to optimize readability. Heather is a psychologist who is interested in how video games and academics intersect. Using a synthesised technique for grounded theory in nursing research. Grounded Theory of nurses working within constraints in caring for patients PhD in December, Dr. Evelyn Gordon Dr. This process challenged the traditional method of testing or refining theory through deductive testing. Dr. Frequency Distribution Table Overview, Types & Examples | What is a Frequency Table? Itis available at www.sociologypress.com. Grounded theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in the social sciences emphasizing generation of theory from data in the process of conducting research. RolandAgoncillo Hence GT was divided into Strauss & Corbins method, see grounded theory (Strauss) and Glasers GT with the original ideas from 1967 and 1978 still in operation. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory procedures and Techniques. of how to register seehttps://www.groundedtheoryonline.com/services/seminars/. Despite the strengths, there are some limitations as well. Goulding, C. Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide for Management, Business and Market Researchers. Grounded Theory Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. As grounded theory is not a linear process, the framework illustrates the interplay between the essential grounded theory methods and iterative and comparative actions involved. Becoming Selfless for Others: a Grounded The GT researcher goes back and forth while comparing data, constantly modifying, and sharpening the growing theory at the same time as she follows the build-up schedule of GTs different steps. It is available for Another goal of a GT is to discover the participants main concern and how they continually try to resolve it. Untenable Accountability: No Principal https://us06web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZAtcO6trz0qE9MRvpM2fzUMT8yrM8Tel22d, The Grounded Hospitals. It is even possible, and sometimes a good idea, for a researcher with much knowledge in the studied area to interview herself, treating that interview like any other data, coding and comparing it to other data and generating concepts from it. There are several strengths of grounded theory, including the fact that researcher bias is less likely to affect the outcome and that it can produce a richer, more diverse set of answers than traditional research. Walden University, January 2015. Memos are the storehouse of ideas generated and documented through interacting with data.28 Thus, memos are reflective interpretive pieces that build a historic audit trail to document ideas, events and the thought processes inherent in the research process and developing thinking of the analyst.6 Memos provide detailed records of the researchers thoughts, feelings and intuitive contemplations.6, Lempert29 considers memo writing crucial as memos prompt researchers to analyse and code data and develop codes into categories early in the coding process. Helen Scott York University Conversely, it should also be noted that while The following section provides insight into the process of undertaking a GT research study. This approach refers to theory that is "grounded in or developed inductively from a set of data" [1] Grounded theory works in opposite way to traditional research and it may even appear to contradict scientific method. This anthology brings together a collection of articles on classic grounded theory organized around the concept of mentoring the method. Dublin City University. by Thomas and James (2006). 3 it was developed in california, usa by glaser and strauss during Strauss and Juliet Corbin (Strauss & Corbin 1990) took GT in a different direction from what Glaser had outlined in Theoretical Sensitivity and the 1967 book. These five components were integrated by the constant-comparison method of data analysis. and on the claim to use and develop inductive knowledge. 2009 Aug;18(16):2251-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02684.x. Novices who wish to get clear advice on how to structure data material may be satisfied with the use of the coding paradigm. But Heather doesn't have any idea what's causing the success of some gamers. Announcing the launch of a wonderful new website for GT researchers. Grounded theory is a systematic qualitative research method that collects empirical data first, and then creates a theory 'grounded' in the results. The questions you keep on asking in GT are "Whats going on?" Cost and reward as motivating factors in it doesn't examine the phenomenon with any preconceived notions, theoretical constructs, or tentative hypotheses. Since Heather's study involves examining video games, she won't end up with numerical data at the end of the study. Start free trial Already have an account? Research methods go in many directions, using many methodological approaches, both quantitative and qualitative and mixes thereof. The importance of symbolic interaction in grounded theory research on women's health. Grounded Theory: A specific methodology developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) for the purpose of building theory from data. the Adult Acute Care Environment. Grounded theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in the social sciences emphasizing generation of theory from data in the process of conducting research. Funding: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Social Processes of "Finding Pathways Out": The Rwandan Construction The analysis identifies relationships, highlights gaps in the existing data set and may reveal insight into what is not yet known. For one thing, researcher bias is less likely to affect the outcome of a grounded theory study. Gerund Grounded Theory: The Basic Social Process Dissertation. Grounded Theory is a type of methodology where data is thoroughly analyzed in a series of steps or procedures. Titus Tossy She wonders why some video games seem to make students smarter and others seem to make them less smart. Instead, she'll have a pile of notes that she took about each video game, which she'll have to interpret. When to use grounded theory 6. University of Cape Town (South Africa). The following discussions further tackle such . "Forschung ist harte Arbeit, es ist immer ein Stck Leiden damit verbunden. It is no better or worse than other methods. It also is helpful for identifying details of constructs. provides a compelling account of an approach that has come to be one of the most widely used qualitative research methods across a wide range of subject areas and in the. Bookshelf Sometimes, grounded theory is seen as a qualitative method, but grounded theory reaches farther: it combines a specific style of research (or a paradigm) with pragmatic theory of action and with some methodological guidelines. Sociology Press, Glaser BG. Qualitative data is often collected through the use of surveys, interviews, participant observations, archival records, and focus groups. Grounded theory represents both a method of inquiry and a resultant product of that inquiry.7,22 Glaser and Holton23 define GT as a set of integrated conceptual hypotheses systematically generated to produce an inductive theory about a substantive area (p. 43). Not much can be gained from energy expended to investigate issues that have already been explored extensively. The Institute also includes the Sociology Press, which Dr. Glaser founded in 1970. Dr. Kathryn Hinsliff-Smith Front Artif Intell. 27, paragraphs 49 & 50. Situational Analysis: Grounded Theory After the Postmodern Turn. support for drug/alcohol addiction. Lorrie Brown During this investigation, they developed the constant comparative method, a key element of grounded theory, while generating a theory of dying first described in Awareness of Dying (1965). East Sussex: Psychology Press. Open coding or substantive coding is conceptualizing on the first level of abstraction. Thishighly practical, Grounded Theory of E-learning Providers Working in East Africa. An article written by Dr. Glaser in 1965 (before, https://us06web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZYtdOitqzsjGNdV5ND_gzMOR4WYKyxqEE-O, https://us06web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZAtcO6trz0qE9MRvpM2fzUMT8yrM8Tel22d, https://www.groundedtheoryonline.com/grounded-theory-summer-school/, https://www.groundedtheoryonline.com/services/seminars/, https://groundedtheoryconference.com/call-for-abstracts/, https://groundedtheoryconference.com/register/, 2nd annual Classic Grounded Theory International Virtual Conference, http://www.sociologypress.com/publications.htm, http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.569815, http://gradworks.umi.com/34/55/3455289.html, support to PhD supervisors and researchcommittees; and, consultancy to industry, post doc and professional researchers. February 16th, 2011 The current schedule of presentations can be seenHERE. The official site of Dr. Barney Glaser and Classic Grounded Theory. Introduction 2 Origins of Grounded Theory 3. Figure 1 is a framework that summarises the interplay and movement between methods and processes that underpin the generation of a GT. Anselm Strauss interviewed by Heiner Legewie and Barbara Schervier-Legewie. Storyline technique is first proposed with limited attention in Basics of Qualitative Research by Strauss and Corbin12 and further developed by Birks et al.38 as a tool for theoretical integration. It is an inductive and emergent approach to produce new theories based on the analysis of qualitative empirical evidence. Dec. 1, 2008 In memos you develop ideas about naming concepts and relating them to each other. Developing sensitivity as a grounded theorist and the application of theoretical sensitivity throughout the research process allows the analytical focus to be directed towards theory development and ultimately result in an integrated and abstract GT.6 The example in Box 3 highlights how analytic tools are employed to increase theoretical sensitivity. Linda Schurch Theory of Commitment to Service. Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis. Ground theory method was developed by Glaser and Strauss (Barney G. Glaser, 1967). To order a copy go to: Discovery of Grounded Theory has also been published in Italian andcan be purchased directly from the publisher http://www.armando.it/cms/sito/prodotto.asp?id=2237. Grounded theory Discover method in the Methods Map Sign in to access this content Sign in Get a 30 day FREE TRIAL Watch videos from a variety of sources bringing classroom topics to life Read modern, diverse business cases Explore hundreds of books and reference titles sign up today! Grounded theory has several distinct methodological genres: traditional GT associated with Glaser; evolved GT associated with Strauss, Corbin and Clarke; and constructivist GT associated with Charmaz.6,17 Each variant is an extension and development of the original GT by Glaser and Strauss. Qualitative analysis for social scientists. If you're like most people and have spent many years learning the scientific method, you'll say that she has to develop a hypothesis, or guess, about what elements might make video games lead to better grades. FOIA Second, grounded theory is just a small piece of the action in social psychological research. Are you undertaking a classic grounded theory study, but have no one to mentor you? The tentative core is never wrong. Dr. The writing must be an instrument for outflow of ideas, and nothing else. They are both systematic and inductive approaches in exploring cultural phenomena. Dr. This methodology is appropriate when little is known about a phenomenon; the aim being to produce or construct an explanatory theory that uncovers a process inherent to the substantive area of inquiry.57 One of the defining characteristics of GT is that it aims to generate theory that is grounded in the data. Undertaking a constructivist enquiry requires the adoption of a position of mutuality between researcher and participant in the research process, which necessitates a rethinking of the grounded theorist's . So, maybe Heather decides that she wants to examine the games that seem to make kids better in school. Ed.D. This is the essence of qualitative research - she's looking at non-numerical data and interpreting what it means. The Glaserian strategy is not a qualitative research method, but claims the dictum "all is data". This may sound silly since you dont have to interview yourself to know what you know, but you dont know it on the conceptual level! This method is used as a qualitative research method to develop a theory that can explain events and behaviors, and gives valid predictions to establish a control over the situation. Email: Received 2018 Jul 30; Accepted 2018 Dec 10. It takes an open-minded approach, i.e. Sociology Press, Glaser BG (ed). Codes are then collapsed into categories. Browse Dictionary A modifiable theory can be altered when new relevant data is compared to existing data. 2012 - Intensive and Critical Care Nursing In-text: (Hggstrm, Asplund and Kristiansen, 2012) Bob Prue This was followed by a rebuke by Glaser (1992) who set out, chapter by chapter, to highlight the differences in what he argued was original grounded theory and why, according to Glaser, what Strauss had written was not grounded theory in its intended form. Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that relies on the symbolic meaning people ascribe to the processes of social interaction. Realities. Making a Difference: A Grounded Theory Grounded theory research involves the meticulous application of specific methods and processes. The Relationship Between Confidence Intervals & Hypothesis Tests. Research design framework: summary of the interplay between the essential grounded theory methods and processes. Grounded theory aims to formulate, test and reformulate prepositions until a theory is developed. Glyndwr University 2016 Apr;19(2):34-5. doi: 10.1136/eb-2016-102306. Rutgers University. So, she decides to do something different. This study examined EPs' mental health casework in schools as one aspect of the professional contribution in this area. The aim of this article is to provide a contemporary research framework suitable to inform a grounded theory study. distributed collaborative learning assignments: A grounded theory analysis. The narrative is driven by the voices and insights of preeminent scholars, each an expert in one of five ways of doing qualitative analysis. Potentializing Wellness through the If you are a member of the GTI you can read it now on the forum. This article provides an overview of grounded theory illustrated through a graphic representation of the processes and methods employed in conducting research using this methodology. Qualitative and quantitative data generation techniques can be used in a grounded theory study. Deprescribing Medications that Increase the Risk of Falls in Older People: Exploring Doctors' Perspectives Using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Grounded theory method is a research method which operates almost in a reverse fashion from traditional social science research. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6069-8074, 1Nursing and Midwifery, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia, 2College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia, Hobart, TAS, Australia. Journal Hggstrm, M., Asplund, K. and Kristiansen, L. How can nurses facilitate patient's transitions from intensive care? GT does not aim for the "truth" but to conceptualize what's going on by using empirical data. Rather than beginning by researching and developing a hypothesis, the first step is data collection, through a variety of methods. Aukland, (7 a.m. London GMT/UTC+1 ) please register here: While Strauss and Corbin12 describe theoretical sensitivity as the insight into what is meaningful and of significance in the data for theory development, Birks and Mills6 define theoretical sensitivity as the ability to recognise and extract from the data elements that have relevance for the emerging theory (p. 181). Grounded theory is a general methodology with systematic guidelines for gathering and analyzing data to generate middle-range theory. 2018; This review addresses the three basic principles of person-environment fit . But there are drawbacks too, including the fact that it involves collecting a lot of data and that it is less structured than traditional research. This approach is typically used when a particular phenomenon is not well. Downloadable! Selective coding could be done by going over old field notes or memos which are already coded once at an earlier stage or by coding newly gathered data. Qualitative and quantitative data generation techniques can be used in a grounded theory study. Anna Sandgren Kelle, Udo (2005). No taping. University of Phoenix, July 16th, 2014. Care. A theoretical account for the phenomenon of interest is established as the researchers collect relevant data. of Registered Nurses Caring for Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers. It involves collecting data and then using that data to derive an explanation for a particular phenomenon. Birks and Mills6 define storyline as a strategy for facilitating integration, construction, formulation, and presentation of research findings through the production of a coherent grounded theory (p. 180). In GT the preconscious processing that occurs when coding and comparing is recognized. Problem Food Cravings: A Cycle Fed by Dr. Stigma and Shame A Classical Grounded Theory Exploration of the Experience of Saldaa33 agrees that codes that denote action, which he calls process codes, can be used interchangeably with gerunds (verbs ending in ing). This second edition of her groundbreaking text retains the accessibility and warmth of the first edition whilst introducing cutting edge examples and practical tips. If your research goal is accurate description, then another method should be chosen since GT is not a descriptive method. 2 it is used to uncover such things as social relationships and behaviours of groups, known as social processes. Legewie, Heiner & Schervier-Legewie, Barbara (September 2004). Incidents are identified in the data and coded.6 The initial stage of analysis compares incident to incident in each code. Changing Poison into Medicine through Examples from a study that explored living with treatment for sleep apnea, On solid ground: essential properties for growing grounded theory, Asking questions of the data: memo writing in the grounded theory tradition, Doing grounded theory: issues and discussions, Contextual positioning: using documents as extant data in grounded theory research, The development of categories: different approaches in grounded theory, The Oxford handbook of qualitative research, Memoing in qualitative research: probing data and processes, Consumers and the social world of health care: outsiders in the experts world: a grounded theory study, Bringing together the threads of care in possible miscarriage for women, their partners and nurses in non-metropolitan emergency departments, A thousand words paint a picture: the use of storyline in grounded theory research, A novice researchers first walk through the maze of grounded theory: rationalization for classical grounded theory, The coding manual for qualitative researchers, The grounded theory perspective III: theoretical coding, Reconciling professional identity: a grounded theory study of nurse academics role modelling, Dancing with data: an example of acquiring theoretical sensitivity in a grounded theory study, http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage. 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